Journal of Policy Research

Evolving Trends of Digital Diplomacy and its Role in the Achievement of Foreign Policy Goals

Karamat Hassan — 2024-09-01

Digital diplomacy refers to the use of the Internet, ICT, digital technologies and online platforms by governments and diplomats to be engaged in diplomatic activities to achieve diplomatic objectives. The UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office define it in the most relevant manner as, “solving foreign policy problems using the internet”. It simply means that in contemporary times, achievement of the foreign policy goals and the resolution of issues are based on the Internet and Communication Tools. Further, the advent of social media in the world of communication made rapid changes in the field of digital diplomacy as well. Today, 98% of UN member states are using social media platforms for their diplomatic activities and to achieve foreign policy goals. After the advent of this concept at the initiation of the 21st century and its wide use in diplomatic activities led to the introduction of its numerous trends in the world. The first section of the study focuses on theoretical and historical development of the digital diplomacy. The second section analyzes the evolving trends of digital diplomacy in the modern times. The third section describes the role of digital diplomacy in the achievement of foreign policy objectives of any state. The study is predominantly descriptive and analytical in nature. Moreover, data is collected through desk-research method under the qualitative approach.

Technology, Trade, Foreign Direct Investment and Income Inequality Nexus in GCC Countries

Bushra Khalil — 2024-09-01

The purpose of this study is to analyze the nexus between Technology, Foreign Direct Investment, Trade and Income Inequality in GCC countries. The study used the panel dataset of GCC countries from the period of 1990 to 2021. The dependent variable used in a model is Income Inequality as measured by the GINI coefficient, while explanatory variables are GDP per capita growth, GDP per capita squared, foreign direct investment, inflation rate, unemployment rate, secondary school enrollment, trade, and information and communication technology. Different econometric techniques such as ARDL, Cross-Section, and Granger causality test are applied for data analysis. The Panel ARDL technique is used to estimate the results in which GDP per capita growth, inflation rate, unemployment rate, and information and communication technology index are positively and significantly related to income inequality while the variables square of GDP per capita, FDI, secondary school enrolment, and trade are negatively and significantly associated to the income inequality in GCC countries. Panel ARDL short-run outcomes found that the coefficient of the ECT (-1) is negative and also statistically significant. This indicates that 33.51 percent of errors are corrected when moving from the short-run to the long-run equilibrium. Panel Granger causality analysis found that there is a unidirectional causality between income inequality and GDP Per Capita, trade. There is no evidence of a causal relationship between income inequality and foreign direct investment, inflation, unemployment, secondary school enrolment, trade, the information and communication technology index. Additionally, there is no evidence of a causal relationship between the latter two variables and income inequality. Considering the study's findings, it is determined that technology, economic growth, unemployment, and inflation are encouraging income inequality in GCC countries while FDI and trade are playing an imperative role in declining the level of income inequality in GCC countries.

Improving the Students Reading Comprehension Skills Using Specific Reading Strategies

Anila Yasin — 2024-09-01

Reading is an important tool for accessing information that provides a base for learning. Reading strategies are important and help the learners improve their reading comprehension and enhance their reading efficiency. Reading strategies can be observed, for example, teachers can observe their students’ reading strategies by looking at the notes they take during listening to academic lectures. The goal of using reading strategies is to facilitate the learners’ reading and to improve the learners’ comprehension ability. Comprehension is a basic prerequisite to be meaningful. The current experimental study conducted in the Pakistani context for improving the reading comprehension skills using specific reading strategies. Quasi experimental research design was adopted to conduct the study. The sample consisted of 50 BS hons students in the third semester at the University of Okara, Pakistan. Findings indicate that reading strategies positively impact the reading comprehension of students at the university level. The study has important implications for teachers, students, curriculum planners and policymakers in the field of education.

Analyzing the Challenges and Strategies of Teaching Reading Comprehension to English Language Learners with Learning Disabilities

Ainee Munir — 2024-09-01

This qualitative study explores the difficulties and approaches related to enhancing ELL students' reading comprehension for students with learning disabilities in Lahore District, Pakistan. The aim of this study was to explore the general difficulties faced by ELLs with learning disabilities in comprehending written material and identifying effective strategies for teaching these students. The study participants are five teachers currently practising special education, all with a minimum of 5 years of experience in teaching in the Lahore district, Pakistan. The methodology used is interviews with teachers and the data collected is analysed through the approach of thematic analysis. The theoretical background for the study was Vygotsky’s concept of ZPD, as the latter focuses on the notion that certain tasks should be slightly beyond the learner’s immediate grasp. Linguistic challenges emerged as a result of language barriers, cultural issues rooted in diverse cultural backgrounds, and environmental constraints that hindered the provision of special education due to limited resources. Key teaching practices that earlier have been described as effective include the use of graphic aids and organizers, differentiated and individualized approaches to student instruction, and culturally related instructions. The general implications of the study are the need for continuous professional development of teachers; the integration and collaboration between special education teachers and other stakeholders and the general need for education, learning, and development of ELL learners with learning disabilities. In sum, this study emphasized the need to support ELLs with learning disabilities in Pakistani language teaching contexts about reading comprehension and provided useful recommendations and suggestions to practitioners and policymakers for improving the poor reading skills that characterize this group of learners.

Interactive and Collaborative Pedagogical Strategies for Teaching English at Primary Level: Comparing the Single National Curriculum (2020) and National Curriculum (2006)

Tasneem Kousar — 2024-09-01

The current study analyzed interactive and collaborative pedagogical strategies for teaching English at the primary level (grade 5). A comparison of the approaches outlined in the Single National Curriculum (SNC) 2020 and the National Curriculum (NC) 2006 was found. The documents were selected through purposive sampling. Qualitative content analysis and comparative analysis methods were used to analyze the documents and English textbooks connected with both curricula. There were identified twenty strategies from the literature review and their presence was analyzed regarding the textbooks. It was found that the SNC 2020 incorporates a wider range of interactive and collaborative strategies as compared to the NC 2006. In the SNC document, eleven strategies were found, while in the NC, only four were present. In the same way, the textbook based on SNC 2020 uses fifteen of the identified strategies, while the NC 2006 textbook utilizes only six. The SNC highlights analytical skills, critical thinking, and competency development in the English language with grammar, vocabulary, reading, writing, and oral communication. This research highlights the shift towards more student-centered, interactive approaches in English language teaching at the primary level in Pakistan's education system.

Climate Change and Accumulating Water Scarcity in Pakistan: A Case Study of Karachi's Water Infrastructure and Resilience

Anum Shahid — 2024-09-01

This case study examines Karachi's water shortage, aggravated by climate change and fast development. With a population of nearly 20 million, Karachi is primarily dependent on the Indus River Basin, Keenjhar Lake, and Hub Dam for its water supplies. However, because of the city's expanding population, outdated infrastructure, and unpredictable weather patterns, these sources are under a great deal of strain. The research looks at how these problems have become worse due to climate change, which has caused powerful monsoons, more frequent and severe droughts, and increasing temperatures that have all affected the quantity and quality of water.This water catastrophe has an influence on public health, food security, economic stability, and the environment. The most vulnerable residents of the city are heavily burdened by the rise in waterborne illnesses, the fall in agricultural production, and the increase in water costs. The management of the city's water resources is fraught with difficulties for the Karachi Water and Sewerage Board (KWSB), ranging from antiquated infrastructure to budgetary limitations and ineffective administration.Karachi has responded by putting in place a number of measures to lessen water shortages and improve resilience. These include investigating new freshwater sources, installing water meters, and renovating water pipes. The city is also spending money on cutting-edge technology like desalination facilities and intelligent water management systems. In order to handle the issue, community-based efforts and foreign help have also been essential, although there are still gaps in the construction of infrastructure and the application of policies.This research emphasizes the need to manage water resources in Karachi using a thorough, multifaceted strategy. Advanced water loss control, integrated water resources management (IWRM), public-private partnerships, urban development that is climate resilient, and increased public awareness are some of the policy proposals. Other cities dealing with comparable issues may learn a lot from Karachi's water dilemma.

Ecological Consequences of Energy Poverty in South Asia

Ayman Tanveer — 2024-09-01

Ecological imbalances are caused by limited access to clean energy. The continuous use of traditional energy sources for economic activities has deteriorated the environmental conditions. Addressing the energy poverty, need a varied approach that combines improved access to clean and affordable energy with sustainable resource management practices. This study seeks to investigate the effects of energy poverty on environmental quality in South Asian countries used panel data spanning 2000 to 2021. For analysis, the CIPS second-generation panel unit root test was used to determine the existence of cross-sectional dependence, while the Pool Mean Group (PMG) was applied as a result. In both periods, energy poverty is negatively linked with the ecological footprint, and GDPpc is positively related to the ecological footprint. In the context of South Asia, policies should address both issues by investing in renewable energy infrastructure development.

Nurturing Entrepreneurial Leadership: An Empirical Study of Elite Schools in Pakistan

Dur-i-Shahwar Aslam Khan — 2024-09-01

The main purpose of the current research was to find out the students’ perspectives about the various qualities of entrepreneurial leadership developed in the students of Elite schools. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The research population was to be comprised of all students of higher secondary classes studying in grade 11 and grade12 in Elite schools of South Punjab of Pakistan. 400 students of higher secondary section of the sampled schools were selected by using simple random sampling technique. Quantitative data was collected through five-point Likert scale. The collected data was analyzed by using SPSS version 21.0. The simple percentages mean score, independent t-test, and P –values were calculated. Qualitative data obtained from open ended questions was analyzed through thematic approach. The findings revealed that the learning environment of the Elite schools is a contributory factor in developing Entrepreneurial Leadership among the students. Majority of the students are satisfied with the Entrepreneurial Leadership skills developed by these schools. The same model can be applied to other public sector educational institutions of Pakistan.

Comparative Analysis of Bribery as, Criminal Wrongdoing

Naheeda Ali — 2024-09-01

There is a consensus that bribery, which is explicitly outlawed in the Magna Carta, should be considered a criminal act. Elucidate the criminalisation of bribery may be unexpectedly for those who see harmful actions as the primary criterion for determining what should be made a criminal offence. The predicament faced by these intellectuals is as follows. Bribing sometimes encompasses innocuous misconduct, but the rationale for criminalising it does not stem from any undue damage inherent in bribing itself. The rationale is on the potential damage that may occur if bribery is not penalised, considering the limited efficiency of civil law in reducing its prevalence. According to some theorists, the basis for criminalising activity based on the concept of "remote harm" is considered a secondary and possibly problematic kind of criminalisation. This paper presents a challenge for these theories in elucidating not only the reasons behind bribery but also the reasons behind other significant offences, such as rape, which are often seen as fundamental instances of criminal misconduct. Indeed, criminal law has the lawful authority to include a broad array of harm-related justifications for including action within its boundaries and central principles. One cause for the activity involving inflicting unnecessary injury is the reality itself.

Impact Parenting Style on Academic Achievement, Emotional Intelligence and Self-Esteem among University Students in Southern Punjab

Muhammad Sohail Nawaz Laghari — 2024-09-01

This study examined the impact of different parenting styles—authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive—on students' emotional intelligence, academic achievement, and self-esteem in South Punjab, specifically in Multan, Bahawalpur, and Dera Ghazi Khan. Utilizing a sample of 600 university students, the research employed cross-sectional data collection through questionnaires. The findings revealed that authoritative parenting significantly positively influenced emotional intelligence, academic achievement, and self-esteem, whereas both authoritarian and permissive parenting styles were associated with negative outcomes across these variables. Authoritarian parenting was linked to lower emotional intelligence, academic performance, and self-esteem, while permissive parenting also demonstrated detrimental effects on these aspects, though to a lesser extent. These results underscore the importance of fostering authoritative parenting practices to enhance developmental outcomes in students. The study provides valuable insights for educators, parents, and policymakers to implement strategies that support effective parenting to improve students' holistic development. Limitations include the cross-sectional design and geographic specificity, suggesting a need for further research with longitudinal approaches and diverse populations.

Impact of Video Content Marketing on Consumer Engagement

Abdul Saleem — 2024-09-01

The purpose of this research proposal is to examine how customer engagement in the context of digital marketing is affected by video content marketing. Given the rapid expansion of digital media and the popularity of short video platforms like TikTok and Instagram Reels, it is critical for businesses to comprehend how video content affects customer behavior. In addition to highlighting a research gap concerning the precise processes via which video content influences consumer engagement, the proposal offers a thorough evaluation of the body of work already written on content marketing and consumer engagement. The study suggests a quantitative research approach that includes factor analysis and regression analysis as well as survey-based data collecting and analysis. The results of this study may improve our comprehension of how video content marketing contributes to customer retention, brand loyalty, and general consumer engagement.

Adapting to Change: The Impact of Climatic Shifts on Tourism Destinations and Tourist Mobility in Northern Pakistan

Mohammad Alam — 2024-09-01

Pakistan aims to showcase its authenticity, pristine nature, and unique cultural heritage from its northern valleys. Mountain tourism in Pakistan is popular during the summer, with tourists enjoying pleasant weather and scenic landscapes. The northern valleys of KP, GB, and AJK are favored destinations, as visitors generally have positive impressions of their interactions with the mountains and local people. Pakistan, an agricultural country, has tourism as a growing sector with significant economic potential. However, both agriculture and tourism are heavily affected by climate change. However, in the past decade, climate change has led to increased natural hazards such as floods, rockfalls, debris flows, rockslides, and avalanches specifically in northern areas of Pakistan. These events frequently cause road blockages and trap tourists, especially during the monsoon season. Such extreme conditions not only endanger local communities but also disrupt transportation infrastructure and damage tourist facilities. The resulting communication network disruptions and road blockages increase tourists' anxiety and fear, leading to unpleasant experiences. This study examines how climate change affects tourist mobility and hinders the tourism industry. It explores how increasing natural hazards, such as floods and landslides, disrupt travel, damage infrastructure, and create safety concerns, ultimately impacting tourist experiences and industry operations.

Revisiting Epistemological and Psychological Composition of Religious Experience

Muhammad Rasheed Arshad — 2024-09-01

The impact of Carl Jung and William James on the early 20th-century Indian subcontinental semi-philosophical and semi-psychological tradition is examined in this article. To analyse and assess these traditions, a qualitative research design was used. Relevant documents, academic works, and philosophical literature were examined to provide context-rich understanding. Iqbal made a concerted effort to use intellectual and psychological frameworks to legitimize religious experience, notably referencing the concepts of William James. But significant conflations resulted from this integration, especially between prophetic and non-prophetic experiences, which diminished the uniqueness of Islamic Religious thought in the end. This attitude has open mindedly and happily accepted the fictitious versions of religion but this acceptance is disastrous and lethal than the explicit denial. To ensure the preservation of Islamic thought, it is crucial to approach Western philosophical ideas with caution and avoid conflating religious experiences. A re-evaluation of Iqbal's intellectual legacy is necessary to understand religious experiences from a non-Western perspective.

The Role of TikTok in Mental Health Support: Analyzing the Efficacy and Risks of Mental Health Content

Zanib Jabbar — 2024-09-01

This study investigated the effectiveness of mental health content on TikTok, focusing on engagement, algorithm-driven recommendations, and gender-based differences in content effectiveness. Utilizing a quantitative research design, the study analyzed data from 350 university students in Punjab, Pakistan. The research aimed to evaluate how engagement with TikTok's mental health content correlates with user satisfaction and perceived mental health improvements. Statistical analyses, including t-tests, correlation, and regression, revealed significant findings: higher engagement with mental health content was positively associated with self-reported mental health benefits (Pearson r = 0.65, p < 0.001), and TikTok’s algorithm-driven recommendations significantly enhanced user satisfaction (B = 0.55, β = 0.62, p < 0.001). Gender differences were notably observed, with females finding emotional support content more effective (M = 4.35, SD = 0.85) compared to males, who preferred practical solutions (M = 3.90, SD = 0.92), supported by a t-value of 4.45 (p < 0.001). These results underscore the importance of tailoring mental health content to gender-specific preferences and optimizing algorithm-driven recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of digital mental health resources on platforms like TikTok.

Body Image Dissatisfaction is the Predictor of Social Physique Anxiety and Self- Esteem

Ghulam Aysha — 2024-09-01

The objective of the current research was to explore the relationship among body image dissatisfaction, social physique anxiety, and self-esteem. The sample included 145 males and 145 females from The University of Lahore and University of Sargodha. The Sample was selected through stratified random sampling technique. In this study survey research design and co relational method were used. Body image state scale (Cash et all, 2002) Social Physique Anxiety Scale (Hart et a1, 1989) and Rosenberg self-esteem scale (1989) were used to collect data. Study was carried out in two parts. In part-I pilot study was conducted to examine the psychometric properties of the scales and correlation of variables on a selected sample of 72 university students. In part-II main study on sample of 290 was conducted to test the hypotheses. The findings indicated that body image dissatisfaction positively predicted social physique anxiety and negatively predicted self-esteem.

The Role of Community-Based Organizations in Promoting Inclusive Education Practices Outside the Formal School System

Sumera Rashid — 2024-09-01

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the involvement of Community-Based Organizations (CBOs) in support of inclusion programs outside the traditional schooling context. In this paper, CBOs' approaches to redress educational imbalances and facilitate the education of the disenfranchised are showcased through successful case studies in various global contexts. The findings stress the role of CBOs as effective local performers in the identification of educational needs, the function of intermediary agents between the formal educational systems and the local communities and environment, and the development of inclusive learning processes. We discuss the use of non-formal education programs by CBOs as well as advocacy, social mobilization, and partnerships with schools and policymakers. The paper also describes the issues encountered by CBOs in supporting and promoting the principles of inclusive education, as well as potential measures for improvement. This paper also shows the importance of CBOs in attaining educational equity and inclusion since it also presents different models for demonstration. The insights, therefore, extend the definition of inclusive education beyond school-based provision and will provide information for policy, teachers, and other stakeholders who are interested in providing opportunities for learning to everyone.

A Systematic Review of Emerging Technologies in Shaping the Learning Environments

Muhammad Tahir Khan Farooqi — 2024-09-01

In this digital age, society is always changing, and education is also changing in significant ways. This paper provides an in-depth review of how emerging technologies influence the formation of learning environments and predicts their influence on the future of education. Artificial intelligence, virtual reality, augmented reality, and machine learning are the most prominent emerging technologies that are causing a revolution in educational paradigms. Emerging technologies are the combination of theory and practical. These technologies provide novel opportunities for personalized learning experiences, designed to accommodate a wide range of learning styles and facilities. The findings of this study shown that emerging technologies have positive impact on teaching and learning process. The findings of this study will useful for teachers, students and administrators to incorporate emerging technologies in teaching and learning process.

Free Will in the Era of Neuroscience: A Philosophical Debate on Autonomy

Mehak Maqbool — 2024-09-01

This research paper explores the philosophical debate surrounding free will and autonomy within the context of new neuroscientiﬁc advancements. Neuroscience has raised signiﬁcant questions about conventional views of loose will by way of revealing that subconscious brain approaches may also precede and inﬂuence human decision-making. Through a critical exam of classical and current theories—such as libertarianism, compatibilism, and determinism—and the analysis of key neuroscientiﬁc studies, this paper aims to evaluate whether or not unfastened will remains a feasible idea in light of those ﬁndings. The research investigates whether or not autonomy is fundamentally undermined or requires redeﬁnition inside the face of scientiﬁc evidence, while additionally exploring the ethical and prison implications of such demanding situations. The look at concludes that notwithstanding the neuroscientiﬁc demanding situations, a reﬁned understanding of unfastened will, well suited with scientiﬁc insights, can nevertheless be defended. The paper affords a nuanced attitude on how autonomy can be reconceptualized in an generation ruled by neuroscience. Ultimately, this study contributes to ongoing interdisciplinary discussions in philosophy, cognitive science, and ethics, providing a framework for reconciling human autonomy with contemporary neuroscientiﬁc discoveries.

Causal Factors of Unmet Need for Family Planning in Pakistan

Muhammad Farhan Asif — 2024-09-01

Family planning is an important instrument to control population and to bring improvement in mother as well as child health. The government has been unceasingly trying to increase the availability of contraceptives facilities but still unmet need for family planning (UMNFP) exists in Pakistan. Women are said to have UMNFP if they want to limit or space child bearing, but are not using any contraception methods due to any reason. According to Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) 2017-18, the existence of UMNFP is 17.3% in Pakistan. The aim of this study is to scrutinize the determinants of UMNFP in Pakistan. The household dataset of PDHS 2017-18 is utilized for analysis. Results show that older women are less probable to have UMNFP as compared to younger women. Uneducated women are less likely to have UMNFP as compare to educated women. The likelihood of UMNFP is higher among women who are unemployed than those who are employed. Those women who belong to richer wealth quintile are less probable to have UMNFP. In contract, those women who belong to poorer wealth quintile are more likely to have UMNFP than those women who belong to poorest wealth quintile. Those women who have availability of contraceptives are less likely to have UMNFP than those women who have no availability of contraceptives. Similarly, those women who have made decision regarding contraceptives use are less probable to have UMNFP than those women whose husband have made decision regarding contraceptives use.

The Impact of Perceived Usefulness and Electronic Word of Mouth on the Behavioral Intension to Adopt Tiktok App Through the Moderating Role of Personality Traits

Rana Muhammad Shahid Yaqub — 2024-09-01

The global popularity of TikTok App has received significant interest from both users and marketing professionals. This research investigates the impact of perceived usefulness and electronic word of mouth (E-WOM) on users' behavioral intentions to use the TikTok App application. Additionally, the study examines the moderating effect of personality traits on this relationship. In conducting quantitative research, participants were selected from active social media users. The findings reveal that perceived usefulness and E-WOM are key antecedents influencing the intention to use TikTok. However, the strength of these relationships is moderated by certain personality traits, such as extraversion and openness. This study highlights the importance of segmenting individuals based on personality traits for targeted marketing strategies. Structural equation modelling was employed to analyze data from 300 social media users in South Punjab.

Social Change in Pakistan: Women Empowerment 21st Century

Misbah Wahid — 2024-09-01

In Pakistan, women are near about 46% of the population. The status of women is complicated in Pakistan because of its multi-cultural civilizations. Unfortunately, Pakistan does not have pro-women legislation, highlighting the drawbacks of gender equality and women's empowerment. The 1973 Constitution's Articles 4, 8, 14, 25, 26, 27, 34, 35, 37, and 38 mandate the protection of rights and gender equality. There is a lack of gender equality and women empowerment in the country, which is examined in this study. It depicts the plight of women in Pakistani society and their lack of awareness of their fundamental rights and legal protection. Even though women made up most of the social structure, they frequently encountered several barriers while trying to exercise their rights. Women should be granted power, prestige, and position with their rights to jobs, skills, education, security, health, better standards of life, etc. This study uses surveys and interviews to observe women's empowerment and social change in the ruler and urban areas in Pakistan. Two hundred women were chosen via multiple-stage cluster sampling. The study's findings include how to educate females about pro-women policies and fundamental rights. Legislators are unaware of these laws. It is imperative to include women in all spheres of life, with equal obligations to men, because if women are not included.

The Dual Faces of Pashto: Analyzing Diglossia and Vernacular Diversity Using Ferguson's Framework and the Strategies to Explore the Regional Varieties

Qasim Ullah — 2024-09-01

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of Pashto language varieties through the framework of Ferguson’s diglossia model, focusing on Educated Standard Pashto, Regional Standard Pashto, and Prestige Standard Pashto. The research examines how these variants reflect and diverge from classical diglossic criteria. Educated Standard Pashto, which developed in the early 20th century, is characterized by its formal usage in education and media. While it exhibits features of a High form, such as a rich lexicon of paired terms and limited literacy, it does not fully meet Ferguson’s criteria due to the absence of a religious text and minimal grammatical differences from Low Pashto. Despite its prestige in formal contexts, its impact is somewhat mitigated by the low literacy rate in Afghanistan, with many illiterate speakers acquiring aspects of this variant informally through media exposure. Regional Standard Pashto, used as a common dialect among Pashtuns from various tribes, emerges in cities like Kandahar, Jalalabad, and Kabul. Each of these regional standards reflects local tribal influences and adaptations, with Kandahar and Jalalabad Pashto being shaped by their respective tribal dialects. In contrast, Kabul’s Pashto incorporates elements from multiple regional varieties and is notably influenced by Dari, the predominant language in the capital. This regional variation facilitates communication among Pashto speakers from diverse backgrounds. Prestige Standard Pashto, primarily represented by Southern Pashto, holds significant cultural and historical status due to the Durrani Confederacy’s role in Afghan history. Although its prestige is largely symbolic, reflecting Pashtun ethnic unity rather than a formalized linguistic tradition, it plays a crucial role in the standardization efforts of Educated Standard Pashto. The study shows Pashto partly aligns with Ferguson’s diglossia model, mainly through lexical differences and limited literacy, but lacks in areas like significant grammatical divergence and a central religious text. It highlights the complexities of Pashto's regional variations and the media’s role in linking High and Low Pashto.

Gender Fluidity and Subversion of Socio-Cultural Power Structures in Eugenides’ Middlesex: Exploring Performativity

Ghamza Arshad — 2024-09-01

The aim of the research is to explore Eugenides’ Middlesex through the lens of Butler’s concept of performativity that focuses on gender fluidity and identity formation through the socio-cultural repeated acts. The theory of performativity investigates Butler’s idea that gender norms are constructed and sustained within the society. The theoretical application of performativity on Middlesex explores the challenges related to the conventional understanding of gender by analysing the characters as fluid-gendered identities. The research explores the ability of performative acts to both strengthen and subvert the dominant power structures by examining how the protagonist navigates and breaches socio-cultural norms, emphasizing the possibility for fundamental cultural change and resistance. The methodology used in the research is qualitative approach that focuses on the thematic analysis. The purpose of the research is to examine the subversion of gender stereotypes in Middlesex. The significance of the research is to investigate the formation of fluid-gendered identities which are regarded as unnatural entities by conventional wisdom.

Exploring Self-Actualization in Pir-e-Kamil by Umera Ahmad: A Journey of Protagonists' Personal Growth and Spiritual Fulfillment

Ammara Maqsood — 2024-09-01

This research explores the theme of self-actualization, and uses the characters of Imama Hashim, a Qadiani girl, and Salaar Sikander, a Muslim boy-genius from Pir-e-Kamil (The Perfect Mentor) by Umera Ahmad for analysis. It analyses how they foster the path to self-actualisation which is the fifth level of the Maslow’s needs pyramid where one seeks to become all they can be. Their journey is showcased when it comes to their findings and transformation, which include faith/trust, divine love, أَمْرُ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ and the role of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) in Islam. Sourcing data from the texts, the study employs qualitative and analytical research to actualize the relevance of Maslow’s Self- Actualization Theory as it captures the achievement of character fulfillment within the lenses of psychological and Islamic perspective.

The Personal and In-Store Factors Influencing Impulse Buying Behavior

Kehkashan Nizam — 2024-09-01

The study aims to determine the influence of personal factors (i.e., money availability, time availability, family influence) on customer's impulse buying behavior in the Pakistan retail industry. Additionally, the study seeks to determine the influence of in-store factors (i.e., store environment, promotional activities, product attributes) on customer's impulse buying behavior in the Pakistan retail industry. Data was collected through an online survey questionnaire from Karachi, Pakistan, with a sample size of 305 respondents. The hypotheses were tested using SPSS and PLS-SEM statistical techniques. The study found a significant relationship between the examined factors—money availability, time availability, family influence, store environment, promotional activities, and product attributes—and impulse buying behavior. The results supported hypotheses H1 to H6, indicating that both personal and in-store factors significantly influence impulse buying behavior. This research contributes to the understanding of impulse buying behavior in the context of the Pakistan retail industry. By identifying key personal and in-store factors that drive impulse purchases, the study provides valuable insights for retail marketers to develop strategies that attract and retain customers, ultimately enhancing business performance.

The Efficacy of Cognitive Behavior Therapy and workbook of Anger Management for Individuals with Substance Use Disorders

Nazma Noreen — 2024-09-01

The present research comprised of two phases. The major aim of the study was translated and adapted CBT workbook of Anger Management in patients with substance used disorder as well as to find the efficacy of Urdu translated version. In the first phase of study Anger management workbook for substance abuse disorders was translated into Urdu following the forward-backward standardized translation procedures (MAPI, 2011). During second phase the efficacy of Urdu translated version was explored. It is hypothesized that Urdu version of CBT Anger Management Workbook was helpful to reduce anger in patient with substance related disorder. Gender difference was also speculated regarding study variables. Repeated measures design was used for pre- testing and post - testing. With the help of convenient sampling, 30 patients including 15 men and 15 women were drawn from private addiction clinics of Lahore. Assessment measures including Clinical Anger Scale and Drug Abuse Screen Test was used for data collection. Urdu translated version of Clinical Anger Scale was used. Descriptive analysis was carried out for all study variables. Independent sample t- test was used to examine the gender difference and results showed that men achieved all targeted treatment goals as compared to women. Paired sample t– test was used for Pre- test Clinical Anger Scale and Post- test Clinical Anger Scale and There is significance difference in pre-testing and post testing as results showed, on all items of Clinical Anger Scale that described anger management effectively work on substance used clients.

Personality Traits, Self-Esteem, and Anger Expression among University Students

Haseeb Ullah — 2024-09-01

The study aims to determine the relationship between personality traits, self-esteem, and anger expression among university students. This quantitative research study employed a survey research design to investigate the relationship between personality traits, self-esteem, and anger expression among university students. Three questionnaires were utilized to collect data from a purposive sample of 100 university students, which were determined using the G formula for sample size calculation. The result of this study revealed significant relationships between all variables, highlighting the influence of personality traits on self-esteem and anger expression among university students. Additionally, findings indicated openness was the most common personality trait, while neuroticism was the least common. So. It is concluded that personality traits impact self-esteem and anger expression in university students.

Evaluating the Efficacy of Covid-19 Intervention in Pakistan

Safyan Shams — 2024-09-01

Since the last two decades, public policy around the world, specifically in first-world countries has been guided by behavioral insights to nudge people to increase the efficacy of government interventions and policies. In this context, this study analyzes the effectiveness of government interventions and policies regarding the COVID-19 pandemic by finding if any of these were behaviorally informed and whether any behavioral insights were considered. For this purpose, focus group discussions, and episodic and semi-structured interviews were conducted with the representatives of government institutions, medical experts, and recovered patients of COVID-19. Consequently, the results depicted that only interventions and policies regarding precautionary measures, risk communication, and vaccination were behaviorally informed while none of the behavioral insights were intentionally taken into consideration but some aspects of progressive, regressive, educative, and architectural behavioral insights were identified in the COVID-19 interventions of government and the educative one performed most effectively. Moreover, emotional nudges and national and group reinforcement bias were also identified in the government interventions. Based on the results, this study emphasizes the need for the government to develop its behavioral insight team to conduct surveys and experimental-based studies to develop its behavioral insights based on its regional environmental characteristics.

Novel Methods to Calculate and Estimate the Factors Influencing the Ecological Footprints of Pakistan

Muhammad Imran Khan — 2024-09-01

Increasing demand for natural resources has exacerbated the scarcity of natural resources. Shortage of natural resources for timely needs is raising some significant environmental issues for the fast-growing population. It is argued that there is a trade-off between economic growth and environmental quality but it is debatable. To expand this debate, this article examines the short-run and long-run relationship between ecological footprints and income growth accompanied by other macroeconomic indicators. This study investigated the validity of the Environmental Kuznets curve between income growth and environmental pressure in Pakistan. This paper is based on secondary data for the period (1970 to 2021). The Auto-Regressive Distributive lag-bound testing method is utilized to determine the short-run and long-run links between income growth and ecological footprints per capita. The study found that a larger proportion of Pakistan’s imports are contaminated with high embodied emissions. An increase in economic prosperity has dynamic implications for the environment across international borders. The products embodied emissions imported in Pakistan are greater than the emissions exported to other economies. The net effect of trade is negative on the environment in Pakistan. The study confirms that there exists a significant statistical relationship between ecological footprints and economic growth. This validates the evidence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve in the case of Pakistan.

Poets of Mysticism: Jalal ud-Din Rumi & William Blake: A Comparative and Contrastive Analysis

Mazhar Nawaz — 2024-09-01

The purpose of this paper is to examine the similarities and differences between the mystical poetry of Jalal ud-Din Rumi, a Persian poet who lived in the 13th century, and William Blake, an English poet who lived in the 18th century. The focus will be on their respective approaches to mysticism and spirituality, as well as their common themes of divine love, human transformation, and the connection between the material and spiritual realms. Their poetic expressions of mysticism reflect a profound engagement with the transcendent, and they encourage readers to seek higher truths beyond the confines of the physical world. Despite the fact that both poets come from different cultures, their mysticism is in their poetry. The purpose of this comparative study is to highlight the similarities between them in terms of their themes and styles, as well as the differences that stem from their distinct philosophical and theological backgrounds.

The Role of Financial Transparency in Attracting FDI to Pakistan: An Investor's Perspective

Muhammad Ali Gardezi — 2024-09-01

This study examines the key factors influencing Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Pakistan, focusing on economic growth, job creation, political stability, financial transparency, and regulatory challenges. Data were collected from 130 company managers in Pakistan through a survey, analyzing their perceptions of the role of FDI in shaping investment decisions. The findings reveal that economic growth (Mean: 4.32) and job creation (Mean: 4.12) are viewed as the most significant benefits of FDI, while political stability (Mean: 4.20) and financial transparency (Mean: 4.61) play crucial roles in building investor confidence. However, corruption (Mean: 4.23) and regulatory gaps (Mean: 4.58) are major hindrances to achieving greater financial transparency and attracting more FDI. The study compares these findings with international research, underscoring the universal importance of transparent financial reporting, stable political environments, and investor-friendly policies. The study concludes that addressing corruption issues, improving regulatory frameworks, and enhancing financial transparency are essential for Pakistan to maximize its FDI potential and support long-term economic growth.

The Rising of Moon on Political Sight: A Study of Benazir Bhutto

Abdul Basit Solangi — 2024-09-01

Benazir Bhutto was not only the first female prime minister of Pakistan but also the first lady to rule the Muslim world. She predominately rule the country in two different occasions. Her time being a prime minister saw many ups and downs. She stood affirm in order to promote democracy and democratic values in Pakistan. For this she was known as champion of democracy. She explicitly stated that “Democracy is best revenge”. Observing the hanging of his father by a military dictator, she bravely fought for democracy and for political stability of country. During her time at Oxford University she made several declamation in advocating democracy. Being a women she worked to empower women of her country. This research tend to find the political leadership of Benazir Bhutto and her role to empower women of her country. The study use historical context in order to determine her leadership role and also the role in empowering women.

Examining how Gender Influences Language Styles and Communication Patterns in Various Social Contexts

Mazhar Nawaz — 2024-09-01

This study investigates the influence of gender on communication styles and dynamics through a thematic analysis of interviews conducted with diverse participants. Employing a qualitative methodology, the research identifies key themes such as Adaptation Strategies, Navigating Power Dynamics, Gender Norms, Intersectionality, and Emotional Expression. Findings reveal that individuals exhibit flexibility in their communication, often adopting softer tones and employing hesitation markers to foster connections and navigate social interactions. Notably, power dynamics manifest through interruptions, predominantly by male participants, which assert dominance and marginalize women's contributions. The study further explores how societal expectations shape communication behaviors, illustrating the constraints imposed by gender stereotypes. Intersectionality emerges as a critical factor, demonstrating that race and class significantly impact communication strategies. The role of vulnerability and emotional expression is highlighted, indicating a tension between authenticity and societal expectations. Overall, this analysis underscores the complexities of gendered communication, suggesting the need for a nuanced understanding of how various identities intersect in shaping communicative practices.

Exploring the Impact of Teachers’ and Students’ Emotional Intelligence on Classroom Dynamics, Behavior Management, and Learning Outcomes

Sadia Qazi — 2024-09-01

This study examines the influence of emotional intelligence (EI) on classroom behavior management, peer interactions, and academic outcomes among secondary school students and teachers. Using a sample of 150 teachers and 500 students across five high schools in Tanzania, the research employed a quantitative approach, integrating EI assessments with classroom observations. Statistical analysis revealed that teachers with higher EI scores (M = 82.5, SD = 7.2) significantly correlated with better classroom behavior management (r = 0.60, p < 0.01) and enhanced student engagement (r = 0.55, p < 0.01). These classrooms also demonstrated a 10% increase in student academic performance compared to those led by lower-EI teachers (M = 73.8, SD = 8.4). Additionally, students with higher EI scores (M = 76.4, SD = 8.7) exhibited stronger peer relationships and higher motivation to learn (r = 0.52, p < 0.01). These findings highlight the vital role of EI in improving educational outcomes and suggest the need for emotional intelligence training in both teachers and students to foster more positive and effective learning environments.

Impact of Language Acquisition on Cognitive Development and Emotional Intelligence in University Students

Raheela Begum — 2024-09-01

This study examines the impact of language acquisition on cognitive development and emotional intelligence in university students. The research aims to explore how learning a new language influences students' cognitive abilities, such as memory, problem-solving, and critical thinking, as well as their emotional intelligence (EI), including empathy, emotional regulation, and interpersonal communication. The key hypotheses include: (1) language acquisition positively affects cognitive development, and (2) language learning enhances emotional intelligence in university students. The population for this study consists of undergraduate students from various disciplines, with a sample size of 300 students selected through stratified random sampling. A cross-sectional study design is employed, with the research being quantitative in nature. Data collection is conducted through a structured questionnaire, which includes validated scales for assessing cognitive development and emotional intelligence. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods are applied to analyze the data, using SPSS software for correlation and regression analysis. The results are expected to provide insights into how language acquisition contributes to both intellectual and emotional growth in university students, with potential implications for educational policies and curriculum design. This study emphasizes the significance of language learning as a holistic developmental tool in higher education contexts.

The Psychological Benefits of Mindfulness Meditation on Emotional Regulation

Mehwish Mursaleen — 2024-09-01

This research paper investigates the mental blessings of mindfulness meditation on emotional law, exploring its cognitive and neural mechanisms. Emotional law is essential for intellectual fitness, influencing people' potential to manage strain and navigate social interactions. This studies paper makes use of a randomized controlled trial involving one hundred fifty numerous individuals, comparing a mindfulness meditation organization to a manipulate organization engaged in rest activities over eight weeks. Pre- and post-intervention exams blanketed self-record measures of emotional law, mindfulness, and neuroimaging to study adjustments in mind interest. Results are tested big improvements in emotional regulation for the mindfulness organization, mediated through greater attention control and self-awareness, along with observable neural adjustments inclusive of elevated prefrontal cortex activation and decreased amygdala reactivity. This study contributes to the existing literature by using supplying empirical evidence assisting mindfulness meditation as an effective intervention for improving emotional regulation and highlights its implications for therapeutic practices, public health techniques, and academic settings. The findings underscore the importance of mindfulness as a device for selling mental properly-being and resilience, paving the manner for destiny research on its lengthy-term results and programs throughout numerous populations. In quick, this looks at gives a comprehensive information of the way mindfulness meditation influences emotional regulation, contributing to the developing frame of proof on its psychological benefits.

Challenges and Strategies in Teaching English in Multilingual Classrooms

Nadia Safeer — 2024-09-01

This research paper explores the challenges and strategies associated with coaching English in multilingual classrooms. The study objectives are to pick out the important thing boundaries educators face, which include language proficiency disparities, cultural differences, and numerous gaining knowledge of patterns, and to study the effect of these challenges on scholar engagement and educational overall performance. Utilizing a blended-techniques approach, facts have been collected via surveys and classroom observations related to English language instructors and students from diverse academic settings. The findings display big demanding situations that hinder effective English language practice, whilst also highlighting a hit technique inclusive of culturally responsive coaching, differentiated practice, and collaborative getting to know. This research paper underscores the need of equipping educators with effective tools and insights to navigate the complexities of multilingual schooling. Future studies guidelines are also recommended to in addition inspect the dynamic nature of multilingual lecture rooms and the function of era and community involvement in improving English language mastering.

Issues of Repression, Language and Female Subjectivity in Kate Chopin's The Story of an Hour: A Psychoanalytic Feminist Perspective

Muhammad Hassan Shaikh — 2024-09-01

This paper is a psychoanalytic feminist critique to Kate Chopin's "The Story of an hour". The paper is qualitative descriptive in nature and employes textual evaluation and close reading strategies. The paper goals to explore the topics of repression, language, and woman subjectivity in the quick story via utilizing the theoretical framework of Luce Irigaray. Irigaray’s theory reviews patriarchal language and its position in shaping and repressing female identity, imparting a completely unique perspective on Chopin’s narrative. The modern studies paper analyzes how Chopin’s use of language displays the repression of the protagonist, Louise Mallard, and examines her short moment of liberation as a disruption of patriarchal discourse. This research gives a new interpretation of Kate Chopin's "The Story of an Hour" contributing to feminist literary criticism and psychoanalytic concept via making use of Irigaray’s psychoanalytic feminist ideas. The findings reveal that language functions as each a mechanism of repression and a capacity road for reclaiming female subjectivity within a patriarchal framework. The paper looks at insights into the complicated relationships among repression, language, and lady autonomy inspire further exploration of psychoanalytic feminism in literature, in particular in relation to different works by using Kate Chopin and beyond.

The Mediating Role of Social Interaction Between Parenting Style and Academic Achievement Among University Students

Amna — 2024-09-01

The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of parenting styles in social interaction and academic achievements among university students, with a specific focus on the mediating role of social interaction. Additionally, the study examines the impact of demographic variables such as gender on these relationships. A sample of 250 students (156 females and 94 males) age group 19 to 30 was selected by random sampling method from Government College University Faisalabad. In study the Parenting Authority Questionnaire (PAQ) with 30 items to assess parenting styles and the Social Provisions Scale (SPS) with 24 items to measure social interactions are used to collect the data.Correlational analysis run to measure the relationship of parenting behavior, social interaction and academic achievements. Correlation analysis demonstrated significant relationships among various parenting styles, academic and social interaction scales. Authoritative parenting emerged as the most beneficial style positively influencing both social interaction and academic achievement.Authoritarian parenting, while showing some positive correlation with social interaction, did not demonstrate a significant positive impact on academic achievement. This suggests that while the structured and disciplined environment created by authoritarian parents may foster certain social skills, it might also create an environment that restricts creativity, critical thinking, and the intrinsic motivation needed for academic success. To see the mediating role of social interaction, run the regression analysis. Analysis suggests that while parenting style significantly predicts social interaction, social interaction does not appear to mediate the relationship of parenting style and academic performance. To measure out the gender differences,run independent samples t-test that analysis suggests both males and females have similar levels of social interaction skills and there is no significant difference in PAQ scores between males and females (t = 0.589, p = .498). This indicates that there are no significant effects of parenting styles on gender differences.

The Moderating Role of Digital Innovation between Digital Leadership, learning and Sustainable Performance among Small and Medium-Sized Firms

Javeria Azhar — 2024-09-01

This research effort explores the role of digital leadership, learning and innovation in influencing sustainable performance among small and medium enterprises. Digital leadership and learning have been considered as exogenous constructs to predict sustainable performance, and digital innovation is incorporated as a moderator variable to assess the relationships. This study bridges the research gap in explaining the role of digital leadership, which is an untapped research area for explaining sustainable performance. Similarly, digital learning is an essential element in sustainable performance. Further, digital innovation plays an effective and striking role in adopting and implementing technological advancements to achieve organizational goals. The researcher focused on the SME sector of Punjab, Pakistan to investigate the hypothesized relationships between variables. The convenience sampling technique was applied and G*Power was utilized to select the sample. Later, Smart-PLS was utilized for analysis. The results revealed that digital leadership remains insignificant in predicting sustainable performance. Digital learning and digital innovation were significant in influencing sustainable performance. Moreover, digital innovation moderates the relationship between digital learning and sustainable performance, but no moderation effect was observed between digital leadership and sustainable performance. Implications, future research avenues, and limitations of the study are given at the end of this paper.

Comparative Analysis of Jirga System as a Socio- Cultural Heritage in the Pre and Post Militancy in Swat

Muhammad Asghar Khan — 2024-09-01

This paper evaluates the Jirga's significance as a socio-cultural legacy in Swat District and considers how militancy has affected its evolution. By comparing the pre- and post-militancy eras, the study employs a qualitative research methodology to investigate how conflict affects an established institution (jirga). In the pre – militancy, jirga served as revered and respected institution in district Swat. But the Taliban insurgency targeted many formal and informal institutions in the region, including jirga. They created a system of their own which diminished the effectiveness of jirga system. Most of the elders and leaders of a jirga system were killed and some were kidnapped in the region. This research study is conducted in District Swat through qualitative research methodology. The data was collected from 13 participants through in-depth interview. The collected data was then analyzed by thematic analysis. Moreover, the results show that militancy had a significant negative impact on the Jirga, a crucial institution in Pashtun society. Its initial cultural importance was lost as a result of changes made to its structure, role, and operating procedures by societal pressure and governmental compulsion rather than spontaneous change. In addition, the local population overwhelmingly resented the newly forced framework, and popular confidence in the Jirga declined. This brought attention to the conflict's wider societal repercussions by increasing insecurity and escalating domestic conflicts.x

Unveiling the Uncanny: A Study of Gothic Elements in Jinnistan by Ayesha Muzaffar

Mah e Kamil — 2024-09-01

This research explores the gothic elements in Jinnistan by Ayesha Muzaffar. This study utilizes the theory of uncanny by Sigmund Freud as a theoretical framework. Freud explores the word play between the concept of "homely" and its opposite, leading some to associate the unheimlich with the notion of the "unfamiliar." The study also uses Catherine Belsey’s textual analysis as an analytical framework. Gothic literature is a worldwide recognized genre. Gothic stories included symbols that symbolically conveyed the inner suffering of their tortured protagonists, such as supernatural phenomenon, unsettling environments, and ruined architectural settings. In Pakistan, gothic fiction is in its emerging phase with only a few writers exploring this genre in their noteworthy writings. Ayesha Muzaffar is a notable author in realm of horror fiction. The analysis of this study focuses on how the cultural elements have influenced the elements of uncanny in Jinnistan. This study aims to get better understanding of the evolutionary progression of gothic elements within Pakistani literature.

Navigating the Adoption of Islamic Banking in the Base of Pyramid Market of Pakistan

Muhammad Taimoor Hassan — 2024-09-01

The purpose of this research paper is to examine the adoption of Islamic banking (AIB) in the Bottom of the Pyramid (BoP) Market of Pakistan. The study used theory of planned behavior to hypothesize the relationship of the attitude (ATT), subjective norms (SN), perceived behavioral control (PBC), and Islamicity of the Product (IoP) on adoption of Islamic Banking (IB). Exploratory research design was used with a total of 400 questionnaires were distributed using a multi-staged stratified sampling (random sampling within each stratum) approach of which 320 usable questionnaires were returned representing 80 percent response rate. Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) approach was used to analyze the hypothesized relationship of the conceptual framework. Results indicated that attitude (ATT), subjective norms (SN), and Islamicity of product (IoP) explained notable effect on the adoption of Islamic banking comparatively the perceived behavioral control (PBC). The overall effect of ATT, SN, PBC, and IoP explained 39.3 percent on AIB within the context of BoP. The adoption of Islamic banking counts the aforementioned variables with their countable effects. The inclusive outreach and features explaining the Islamicity of the financial products can enhance the span Islamic banking market share. Islamic banking over the past decade has witnessed tremendous growth in Asian countries due to innovative financial offerings based on the Sharia Principles of Islam. This study contributed on how the Islamic financial products can be penetrated in the low-income markets like Pakistan with its specific focus in Southern region of the Punjab province. The theoretical framework of the study has demonstrated how the customer closely associated behaviors navigate the adoption of the Islamic banking.

Impact of Bilingual Education on Students Linguistic Proficiency and Cognitive Development at University Level

Raheela Begum — 2024-09-01

This study investigates the impact of bilingual education on university students' linguistic proficiency and cognitive development. The research aims to explore the relationship between bilingual education and students' linguistic abilities while assessing its influence on cognitive functions such as memory, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills. The research hypothesizes that students enrolled in bilingual education programs were demonstrate higher linguistic proficiency and enhanced cognitive development compared to those in monolingual programs. The population consists of university students enrolled in bilingual education programs across various disciplines, with a sample of 200 students selected through stratified random sampling. The study employs a cross-sectional design, utilizing a quantitative research approach. Data collection is conducted through standardized language proficiency tests and cognitive assessment tools, supplemented by structured questionnaires to gather demographic and educational background information. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple regression techniques to identify significant relationships and impacts. The findings of this study are expected to contribute valuable insights into the effectiveness of bilingual education at the university level, offering implications for curriculum development and educational policy in multilingual contexts.

Investigate How Self-Regulation Strategies can Enhance Student Autonomy, Motivation, and Long-Term Learning Outcomes

Quratulain Zafar — 2024-09-01

This study investigates the relationships between self-regulation strategies, student autonomy, motivation, and long-term learning outcomes among university students in Punjab. A quantitative research design was employed, utilizing a sample of 350 students from various top universities. The study hypothesized that self-regulation strategies are positively related to student autonomy (H1), significantly impact student motivation (H2), and positively influence long-term learning outcomes (H3). Data were collected through structured questionnaires measuring self-regulation, autonomy, motivation, and learning outcomes. Reliability analysis indicated strong internal consistency across scales, with Cronbach's alpha values ranging from 0.82 to 0.90. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive relationships among all constructs, with self-regulation strategies showing the highest correlation with student autonomy (r = 0.62). Multiple regression analysis confirmed the predictive power of self-regulation on student motivation (B = 0.45, p < .001). ANCOVA results demonstrated that self-regulation strategies significantly affect long-term learning outcomes (F(1, 346) = 17.65, p < .001), accounting for 30% of the variance. The findings underscore the critical role of self-regulation in enhancing student autonomy, motivation, and academic success, suggesting that educational interventions should focus on developing self-regulation skills.

Let the Employees Strengthen for a Sustainable Future: A Systematic Literature Review of Sustainable HRM

Wajahat Ullah — 2024-09-01

This study aims to analyze the developments in construct of sustainable human resources management and to identify key elements, trends and research gaps for future. Therefore, a systematic literature review was carried out using Google Scholar database, covering the period from 2001 to 2024, which resulted in a corpus of 115 scientific articles.The date is simply tabulated The results showed four categories, which comprise 74% of the elementary units of the corpus analyzed. The first comprised studies on sustainable leadership, based on individual and group power and embedded in its principles, processes, practices and organizational values. The second demonstrated the relationship among human resources management, environmental sustainability and organizational performance. The third category considered the tensions and paradoxes between human resources management practices and sustainability: on the one hand, human resources management should focus on cost reduction and corporate profitability (in the short-term); on the other, their actions should provide long-term sustainability of organizational performance. The last category dealt with the link between human resources management and the social dimension of sustainability, especially with regard to organizational social responsibility and the company’s relationship with its stakeholders. In conclusion, this paper aims to contribute to the ongoing discussion on the topic of sustainable human resources management by analyzing the state of the art and future directions of human resources studies.

Does Urbanization Impede Environmental Sustainability? Panel Data Evidence from South Asia

Rafaqet Ali — 2024-09-01

Climate change and global warming are burning issues in present era and urbanization can be a factor of carbon dioxide emission expansion which erodes environment quality. Considering rapid urbanization in South Asia during last few decades, this study examines the association between urbanization and CO₂ emission. Panel data time series econometric techniques such as; panel DOLS, FMOLS and granger causality are applied by using panel data for 1973-2018. The results show that urbanization increases CO₂ emission in the long run and this finding is also supported by the results of individual country based analyses. Moreover, unidirectional causal linkage from urban expansion to carbon dioxide emission and from energy consumption to carbon emission prevail. Important policy implications are proposed based on the findings. Energy efficient urban public transportation facilities, industrial emission abatement policies, awareness of masses through media etc. can help to reduce carbon emission whereas provision of social amenities in rural areas can lead to ease press of human movement towards urban areas.

Between Rights and Realities: The Struggle for Freedom of Speech in Pakistan

M. Tahir Javaid Bhatti — 2024-09-01

In Pakistan the 1973 Constitution enshrines the right to freedom of speech. However, this essential freedom has been gradually eroded by a complex interplay of sociopolitical factors and legal restrictions. Ultimately various forces ranging from political pressures and security concerns to social and religious norms have considerably curtailed this constitutional right. The study investigates how political unrest religious beliefs and state surveillance contribute to a culture of self-censorship through a qualitative analysis of academic literature, legal documents, news articles and interviews with journalists and legal experts. This study highlights the growing discrepancy between the legal and constitutional rights and the actual experiences of people in Pakistan who are attempting to exercise their right to freedom of speech.

Engaging the Next Generation: Political Awareness and Voting Preferences in Pakistan Election 2024

Muhammad Shoaib — 2024-09-01

This study examines the relationship between students' awareness of the political context in Pakistan and their voting preferences in the 2024 elections, while also exploring the moderating role of gender.Data were collected through a survey of 306 social sciences’ students who voted first time in 2024 elections from Khawaja Fareed University, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, and Bahauddin Zakaria University in South Punjab. The questionnaire assessed political awareness and voting preferences, with hypotheses tested using structured regression analysis. The findings of the study revealed that political awareness has positive influence on voting preference. Moreover, gender play a moderating role on the relationship of political awareness and voting preference. The study suggests future research should investigate mediating factors, such as socio-economic background, and additional moderating variables to deepen the understanding of this relationship. Practical implications highlight the need for policymakers and educational institutions to enhance political awareness among students, which is crucial for fostering civic engagement. This research contributes to the understanding of political behavior among youth in Pakistan and emphasizes the importance of awareness in shaping electoral outcomes.

Organizational Politics, Occupational Stress, and Psychological Health among Traffic Wardens

Hajira Kanwal — 2024-09-01

Traffic wardens play an imperative role in society. They work day and night to manage untidiness on the roads and provide peaceful travel to citizens. To examine the relationship between organizational politics, occupational stress, and psychological health among traffic wardensIn this correlational study, the sample was collected from different cities of Lahore through purposive sampling. Only male 25-50 years participants with a minimum of one year of work experience in traffic wardens were included in this study and wardens with above 50 and less than 1 year were excluded from the study. Demographic form, General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28), General Work Stress Scale (GWSS), and Perception of Political Organization (POPS) measures were used in this study and data was analyzed by using SPSS, Version 26. The finding shows that organizational politics had a significant positive relationship with occupational stress which means that the individuals with more organizational politics had higher levels of occupational stress. The stepwise regression shows that occupational stress is a higher predictor of GHQ. This study concluded that there is a significant positive relationship with occupational stress which means that the individuals with more organizational politics had higher levels of occupational stress.

Environmental Social and Governance Impetus and Firm Performance: Assessing the Role of Sustainability on Corporate Success

Syed Usman Ali Gillani — 2024-09-01

This study investigates the level and impact of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) reporting among non-financial firms listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX), aiming to draw conclusions on ESG reporting levels, its impact on financial performance, and the mediating role of investment rating. The findings indicate that while ESG reporting in Pakistan is increasing, compliance is below 50% for most indicators, with social sustainability averaging 53.36%. Environmental sustainability reporting is associated with improved Return on Assets (ROA) and Tobin's Q, highlighting better asset utilization and market valuation for firms that prioritize environmental disclosures. Similarly, social and governance sustainability reporting positively influence financial performance by enhancing employee productivity, customer loyalty, decision-making, and risk management. A composite ESG index demonstrates a holistic approach to sustainability, benefiting financial performance by improving stakeholder relations and capitalizing on sustainable opportunities.

Investment rating mediates the relationship between ESG reporting and financial performance, suggesting that higher ESG disclosures lead to better investment ratings and, consequently, improved financial outcomes. This study aligns with existing literature from developed countries and extends the understanding of ESG reporting's benefits to a developing country context, specifically Pakistan. While ESG reporting is a well-explored area in developed countries, this study adds unique value by concentrating on non-financial firms listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX), contributing to a relatively under-researched context in a developing country. Exploration of the mediating role of investment rating is a notable original contribution, revealing how higher ESG disclosures not only directly impact financial outcomes but also lead to improved investment ratings, which in turn enhance financial performance.