Factors Influencing ESL Teaching: Perspectives from Secondary Educators in Hyderabad, Pakistan
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.main##
Abstract
This research is based upon a qualitative research approach in teaching English as a second language (ESL) in secondary schools in Hyderabad city of Pakistan. This paper discusses the obstacles that the 15 ESL teachers face as revealed in the semi-structured interview about outdated curricula, lack of available resources, ungeared teacher training, the lack of support from the school administrators, socio-cultural disparities, motivation levels of the students and the constant challenges involved in keeping the non -native speaking ESL teachers afloat. The results are generally in line with previous work and a clear indication of the need for broad-based change to enhance the quality of ESL education. Accordingly, recommendations were made for evolving curricular developments, enriching resources, ongoing teacher professional development, and institutional support to mitigate these challenges and shore up ESL teachers
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.details##
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
- Abdelrady, A. H., & Akram, H. (2022). An empirical study of ClassPoint tool application in enhancing EFL students’ online learning satisfaction. Systems, 10(5), 154. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/systems10050154
- Afzal, M. I., Asif, S., & Mohsin, L. A. (2022). Urdu-English Texts Translation Practices: Qualities and Hindrances At Intermediate Level In Pakistan. Webology (ISSN: 1735-188X), 19(2).
- Ahmed, A., & Myhill, D. (2016). The impact of the socio-cultural context on L2 English writing of Egyptian university students. Learning, Culture and Social Interaction, 11, 117-129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lcsi.2016.07.004
- Ahsan, M., Ali, S., & Hussain, Z. (2021). Fear and Lack of Motivation as an Interactive Barriers in EFL Classroom at University Level. PalArch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 18(6), 616-628.
- Akram, H. (2020). Education governance in Pakistan: A critical analysis of challenges. Journal of Social Sciences Advancement, 1(1), 38-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52223/JSSA20-010105-05
- Akram, H., & Abdelrady, A. H. (2023). Application of ClassPoint tool in reducing EFL learners’ test anxiety: an empirical evidence from Saudi Arabia. Journal of Computers in Education, 1-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40692-023-00265-z
- Akram, H., & Li, S. (2024). Understanding the Role of Teacher-Student Relationships in Students’ Online Learning Engagement: Mediating Role of Academic Motivation. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 00315125241248709. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00315125241248709
- Akram, H., & Yang, Y. (2021). A critical analysis of the weak implementation causes on educational policies in Pakistan. International Journal of Humanities and Innovation (IJHI), 4(1), 25-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33750/ijhi.v4i1.104
- Akram, H., Aslam, S., Saleem, A., & Parveen, K. (2021). The challenges of online teaching in COVID-19 pandemic: a case study of public universities in Karachi, Pakistan. Journal of Information Technology Education Research, 20, 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4784 DOI: https://doi.org/10.28945/4784
- Akram, H., Raza, M., Jan, M. F., Aslam, S., & Nivin-Vargas, L. (2022). Identified leadership practices and teachers’ professional development in Karachi, Pakistan: the moderation effect of training. Education 3-13, 1-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2022.2146455
- Akram, H., Yang, Y., Ahmad, N., & Aslam, S. (2020). Factors Contributing Low English Language Literacy in Rural Primary Schools of Karachi, Pakistan. International Journal of English Linguistics, 10(6), 335-346. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n6p335
- Akram, H., Yingxiu, Y., Al-Adwan, A. S., & Alkhalifah, A. (2021). Technology Integration in Higher Education During COVID-19: An Assessment of Online Teaching Competencies Through Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge Model. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 736522-736522. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.736522 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.736522
- Al Asmari, A. A. (2015). Communicative language teaching in EFL university context: Challenges for teachers. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 6(5), 976. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0605.09
- Al-Adwan, A. S., Nofal, M., Akram, H., Albelbisi, N. A., & Al-Okaily, M. (2022). Towards a Sustainable Adoption of E-Learning Systems: The Role of Self-Directed Learning. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.28945/4980
- Ali, Z. (2015). The prospect and potential challenges of teaching Englishes in Pakistan. Asian Englishes, 17(2), 152-169. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13488678.2015.1006350
- Asghar, J. (2014). Review of reading goals in the national curriculum of English language (grades 11-12) in Pakistan. Academic Research International, 5(3), 292.
- Ayesha, A. (2022). EFL Teaching and CALL in Higher Education in Pakistan. In English Language Teaching in Pakistan (pp. 311-327). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7826-4_19
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
- Chen, Z. & Ramzan, M. (2024). Analyzing the role of Facebook-based e-portfolio on motivation and performance in English as a second language learning. International Journal of English Language and Literature Studies, 12(3), 123-138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55493/5019.v13i2.5002
- Choi, E., & Lee, J. (2018). EFL teachers’ self-efficacy and teaching practices. Elt Journal, 72(2), 175-186. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccx046
- Dörnyei, Z. (2003). Attitudes, orientations, and motivations in language learning: Advances in theory, research, and applications. Language learning, 53(S1), 3-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9922.53222
- Dörnyei, Z. (2010). Researching motivation: From integrativeness to the ideal L2 self. Introducing applied linguistics: Concepts and skills, 3(5), 74-83.
- Fareed, M., Ashraf, A., & Bilal, M. (2016). ESL learners’ writing skills: Problems, factors and suggestions. Journal of education and social sciences, 4(2), 81-92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20547/jess0421604201
- García, P. N. (2017). A sociocultural approach to analyzing L2 development in the Spanish L2 classroom. Vigo International Journal of Applied Linguistics, (14), 99-124.
- Ghonsooly, B., & Ghanizadeh, A. (2013). Self-efficacy and self-regulation and their relationship: a study of Iranian EFL teachers. The Language Learning Journal, 41(1), 68-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09571736.2011.625096
- Gul, S., & Channa, L. A. (2023). Dialectal preferences: a mixed methods study of ESL students’ attitudes towards Englishes in Pakistan. Asian Englishes, 25(3), 452-467. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13488678.2022.2073096
- Gunawan, J. (2015). Ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research. Belitung Nursing Journal, 1(1), 10-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33546/bnj.4
- Hall, J. K. (2013). Teaching and researching: Language and culture. Routledge.
- Ikramullah, Ramzan, M. & Javaid, Z. K. (2023). Psychological Factors Influencing Pashto Speaking ESL Students’ Pronunciation of English Vowels. Pakistan Journal of Society, Education and Language (PJSEL), 9(2), 52–63.
- Irfan, H. (2021). Insightful perspectives about effective implementation of ESL single national curriculum (SNC) in Pakistani schools. Pakistan Social Sciences Review, 5(1), 975-986. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-I)74
- Jadoon, A. U. R., Chishti, M. I., Afzaal, M., & Afzal, T. (2020). Challenges Faced by Newly Inducted Teachers Implementing Revised English Curriculum in Pakistan. English Language Teaching, 13(7), 52-66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v13n7p52
- Javaid, Z. K., Andleeb, N., & Rana, S. (2023). Psychological Perspective on Advanced Learners’ Foreign Language-related Emotions across the Four Skills. Voyage Journal of Educational Studies, 3 (2), 191-207. DOI: https://doi.org/10.58622/vjes.v3i2.57 DOI: https://doi.org/10.58622/vjes.v3i2.57
- Javaid, Z.K., Chen, Z., & Ramzan, M. (2024). Assessing stress causing factors and language related challenges among first year students in higher institutions in Pakistan. Acta Psychologica, 248, 104356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104356 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104356
- Javaid, Z. K., Mubashar, M., Mahmood, K., Noor, A., Javed, N., Akhtar, K., & Ali, A. L. (2024). Effect of Emotional Intelligence and Self-concept on Academic Performance: A Systematic Review of Cross-Cultural Research. Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), 13(2), 189-199. https://doi.org/10.61506/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00315
- Javaid, Z. K., Ijaz, S., Latif, E., & Azam, S. (2024). A Qualitative Study on Student-Teacher Interaction: Student Engagement and Teacher Feedback. International Journal of Contemporary Issues in Social Sciences, 3(2), 1670–1683.
- Javaid, Z.K. & Mahmood, K. (2023). Exploration of Embitterment among University Students: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Policy Research. 9 (3), 124–129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/02.00005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/02.00005
- Javaid, Z.K., Naeem, S., Haroon, S.S., Mobeen, S., & Ajmal, N. (2024). Religious Coping and Mental Well-being: A Systematic Review on Muslim University Students. International Journal of Islamic Studies and culture, 4 (2), 363-376.
- Javaid, Z.K., Shahzad, M.H., Iftikhar, H., Mehmood, K., & Chaudary, G.K. (2024). Gratitude Practices among University Students: A Qualitative Approach. Pakistan Journal of Society, Education and Language (PJSEL), 10(2), 74–90. Retrieved from https://pjsel.jehanf.com/index.php/journal/article/view/1379
- Joffe, H. (2011). Thematic analysis. Qualitative research methods in mental health and psychotherapy: A guide for students and practitioners, 209-223. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119973249.ch15
- Kamran, M., Iqbal, K., Zahra, S. B., & Javaid, Z. K. (2023). Influence of Parenting Style on Children’s Behavior in Southern Punjab, Pakistan. IUB Journal of Social Sciences, 5(2), 292-305.
- Khanam, L., Akram, H., & Kamran, M. (2022). Parental Expectations and Students' Academic Interests: A Case Study of the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 42(1), 61-70.
- Li, S., & Akram, H. (2023). Do emotional regulation behaviors matter in EFL teachers' professional development?: A process model approach. Porta Linguarum: revista internacional de didáctica de las lenguas extranjeras, (9), 273-291. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30827/portalin.vi2023c.29654
- Lu, Q., & Mustafa, Z. (2021). Toward the impact of EFL teachers' self-efficacy and collective efficacy on students' engagement. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 744586. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.744586
- Luk, J. C., & Lin, A. M. (2017). Classroom interactions as cross-cultural encounters: Native speakers in EFL lessons. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315095646
- Magaldi, D., & Berler, M. (2020). Semi-structured interviews. Encyclopedia of personality and individual differences, 4825-4830. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_857
- Mahboob, A. (2017). English medium instruction in higher education in Pakistan: Policies, perceptions, problems, and possibilities. English medium instruction in higher education in Asia-Pacific, 71-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51976-0_5
- Malik, S. F., & Pervaiz, A. (2023). Investigating the effects of ESL learners’ motivation and anxiety on task based language teaching in Pakistan. Linguistics and Literature Review, 9(1), 65-87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32350/llr.91/04
- Maqbool, H., Mahmood, D. K., Zaidi, S. M. I. H., Ajid, A., Javaid, Z. K., Mazhar, R. (2021). The Predictive Role of Social Support in Social Adjustment and Academic Achievement among University Students. Psychology and Education, 58 (5), 2745-2753.
- Marzulina, L., Harto, K., Erlina, D., Holandyah, M., Desvitasari, D., Arnilawati, A., ... & Mukminin, A. (2021). Challenges in teaching english for efl learners at pesantren: Teachers’ voices. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 11(12), 1581-1589. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1112.10
- Noor, N., Akram, H., & Kamran, M. (2021). Preferred reasons in selecting teaching profession as a life career: a case study of pre-service teachers. Pakistan Journal of Educational Research, 4(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.52337/pjer.v4i1.52
- Ramzan, M., & Alahmadi, A., (2024). The Effect of Syntax Instruction on the Development of Complex Sentences in ESL Writing, World Journal of English Language, 14 (4), 25-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v14n4p25
- Ramzan, M., Oteir, I., Khan, M. A., Al-Otaibi, A., & Malik, S. (2023). English learning motivation of ESL learners from ethnic, gender, and cultural perspectives in sustainable development goals. International Journal of English Language and Literature Studies, 12(3), 195-212. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55493/5019.v12i3.4840
- Ramzan, M., Javaid, Z. K., & Ali, A. A. (2023). Perception of Students about Collaborative Strategies Employed by Teachers for Enhancing English Vocabulary and Learning Motivation. Pakistan Journal of Law, Analysis and Wisdom, 2(02), 146-158.
- Ramzan, M., Javaid, Z. K., & Fatima, M. (2023). Empowering ESL Students: Harnessing the Potential of Social Media to Enhance Academic Motivation in Higher Education. Global Digital & Print Media Review, VI (II), 224-237. https://doi.org/10.31703/gdpmr.2023(VI-II).15 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31703/gdpmr.2023(VI-II).15
- Ramzan, M., Javaid, Z. K., & Khan, M. A. (2023). Psychological Discursiveness in Language Use of Imran Khan’s Speech on National Issues. Global Language Review, VIII (II), 214-225. https://doi.org/10.31703/glr.2023(VIII-II).19 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31703/glr.2023(VIII-II).19
- Ramzan, M., Javaid, Z. K., Kareem, A., & Mobeen, S. (2023). Amplifying Classroom Enjoyment and Cultivating Positive Learning Attitudes among ESL Learners. Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 11 (2), 2298-2308. https://doi.org/10.52131/pjhss.2023.1102.0522 DOI: https://doi.org/10.52131/pjhss.2023.1102.0522
- Rao, P. S. (2019). The importance of speaking skills in English classrooms. Alford Council of International English & Literature Journal (ACIELJ), 2(2), 6-18.
- Shahzad, S. K., Hussain, J., Sadaf, N., Sarwat, S., Ghani, U., & Saleem, R. (2020). Impact of Virtual Teaching on ESL Learners' Attitudes under COVID-19 Circumstances at Post Graduate Level in Pakistan. English Language Teaching, 13(9), 1-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v13n9p1
- Sultana, S. (2011). Teaching English in a cross-cultural context: Challenges and directions. Journal of NELTA, 16(1-2), 114-122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/nelta.v16i1-2.6135
- Vellayan, G. (2021). A review of studies on cooperative learning strategy to improve ESL students’ speaking skills. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT), 12(3), 63-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i3.466
- Zhang, L. J., Fathi, J., & Mohammaddokht, F. (2023). Predicting teaching enjoyment from teachers’ perceived school climate, self-efficacy, and psychological wellbeing at work: EFL teachers. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 130(5), 2269-2299. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00315125231182269