Strategies Used by Head Teachers to Cope with Teachers’ Shortage Problem at the Primary School Level

##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.main##

Mahwish Shahnwaz
Dr. Sidra Kiran
Ruqia Bibi

Abstract

Teacher scarcity in the global context and Pakistan, particularly at the primary level, is fixed on inadequate preparation, low pay, and difficult conditions of service. This is due to high population density and low levels of educational financing; hence, high student density, low academic integrity, and poor chances for kids. This descriptive survey research was carried out in Tehsil Murree, and 150 primary school head teachers were selected randomly for data collection. A questionnaire was used in data collection and administered through home visits, emails, and postal services. The analysis was conducted using the software SPSS, while data protection was ensured according to ethical standards throughout the research process. The teachers’ shortage can thus be blamed on low wages, poor opportunities, poor preparation and training, and poor facilities. Remote areas also have problems like scarcity of shelters and transport problems. Some solutions to reduce this crisis include increasing remuneration and employment security, professional development, education, adequate accommodation, and a positive organizational culture. To enhance the quantity and quality of teachers, government expenditure must be enhanced to enhance demands for the education sector. Adopting these measures mitigates the teacher shortage crisis and its effects on quality education and socio-economic growth in Pakistan and other countries.

##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.details##

How to Cite
[1]
Shahnwaz, M. , Kiran, S. and Bibi, R. 2024. Strategies Used by Head Teachers to Cope with Teachers’ Shortage Problem at the Primary School Level. Journal of Policy Research. 10, 2 (Jun. 2024), 574–578. DOI:https://doi.org/10.61506/02.00284.

References

  1. Ahmad, N., & Hamid, S. (2021). An Analysis of Instructional Leadership Practices of Primary School Head-Teachers on Teacher Effectiveness: A Qualitative Study of Teachers' Perceptions. Pakistan Languages and Humanities Review, 5(2), 193-209. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47205/plhr.2021(5-II)2.16
  2. Ahmad, N., Rashid, S., & Ali, Z. (2023). Investigating primary school teachers’ perceptions about professional development and its impact on students achievement. Journal of Social Sciences Review, 3(1), 809-823. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54183/jssr.v3i1.234
  3. Ahmad, N., Sewani, R., & Ali, Z. (2021). Impact of head-teachers’ instructional approaches on teachers competencies at campus schools in Karachi. Pakistan Social Sciences Review, 5(4), 131-146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)10
  4. Ahmad, N., Thomas, M., & Hamid, S. (2020). Teachers perception regarding the effect of instructional leadership practices of primary school head teachers on teacher effectiveness. Journal of Research and Reflections in Education, 14(2), 231-248.
  5. Arif, R., Jamil, M., & Naseer, B. (2023). Challenges of instructional supervision faced by primary school heads. Pakistan JL Analysis & Wisdom, 2, 189.
  6. Baird-Thompson, T. E. (2023). Professional development: A mixed methods study on the impact interest, motivation, and the use of comprehension reading science has on African American male students’ literacy experiences. American University.
  7. Carver-Thomas, D., Burns, D., Leung, M., & Ondrasek, N. (2022). Teacher Shortages during the Pandemic: How California Districts Are Responding. Learning Policy Institute. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54300/899.809
  8. Darling-Hammond, L. (2017). Teacher education around the world: What can we learn from international practice? European Journal of Teacher Education, 40(3), 291-309. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2017.1315399
  9. García, E., & Weiss, E. (2019). The Teacher Shortage Is Real, Large and Growing, and Worse than We Thought. The First Report in" The Perfect Storm in the Teacher Labor Market" Series. Economic policy institute.
  10. Guarino, C. M., Santibanez, L., & Daley, G. A. (2006). Teacher recruitment and retention: A review of the recent empirical literature. Review of Educational Research, 76(2), 173-208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543076002173
  11. Jakachira, G. (2020). The prospects and complexities of quality education in satellite primary schools of Makonde District, Zimbabwe. Unpublished DEd Thesis. Pretoria: University of South Africa. https://uir. unisa. ac. za.
  12. Jamil, M., Anwar, M., & Ali, M. J. (2024). Developing critical thinking skills in English classrooms at the secondary level: Teachers’perspective. Journal of Social Sciences Development, 3(1), 76-85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53664/JSSD/03-01-2024-07-76-85
  13. Jamil, M., Aslam, M., & Ali, S. (2024). Single National Curriculum (SNC) for social studies (2020): Document analysis for development of critical thinking skills at the primary level. Pakistan Journal of Law, Analysis and Wisdom, 3(2), 67-74.
  14. Jamil, M., Bibi, T., & Shahzadi, U. (2024). Critical thinking skills development among secondary school students: An analysis of Chemistry textbook grade X (2020). Research Journal for Societal Issues, 6(2), 1-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56976/rjsi.v6i2.202
  15. Jamil, M., Bokhari, T. B., & Ahmad, D. (2024). Evaluation of critical thinking elements: A qualitative content analysis of physics textbook grade IX. Qlantic Journal of Social Sciences, 5(1), 344-350. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55737/qjss.337110358
  16. Jamil, M., Bokhari, T. B., & Zia, Q. (2024). Qualitative content analysis for critical thinking and skill development: A case of Chemistry curriculum. Journal of Asian Development Studies, 13(1), 147-155. DOI: https://doi.org/10.62345/jads.2024.13.1.12
  17. Jamil, M., Mahmood, A., & Masood, S. (2023). Fostering critical thinking in Pakistani secondary school science: A teacher's viewpoint. Global Educational Studies Review, 8(2), 645-659. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).58
  18. Jamil, M., Mehmood, W., & Saleem, A. (2024). Biology textbook grade X (2020): Analysis for the development of higher order thinking skills among secondary school science students. Global Regional Review (GRR), 9(1), 29-35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31703/grr.2024(IX-I).03
  19. Jamil, M., Muhammad, N., & Aslam, M. (2024). Critical thinking skills development: An analysis of mathematics curriculum 2006 (Grade-wise). Global Social Sciences Review, 9(1), 22-29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2024(IX-I).03
  20. Jamil, M., & Muhammad, Y. (2019). Teaching science students to think critically: Understanding secondary school teachers' practices. Journal of Research & Reflections in Education (JRRE), 13(2), 256-272.
  21. Jamil, M., Muhammad, Y., & Qureshi, N. (2021a). Critical thinking skills development: Secondary school science teachers’ perceptions and practices. Sir Syed Journal of Education & Social Research (SJESR), 4(2), 21-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36902/sjesr-vol4-iss2-2021(21-30)
  22. Jamil, M., Muhammad, Y., & Qureshi, N. (2021b). Secondary School Science Teachers’ Practices for the Development of Critical Thinking Skills: An Observational Study. Journal of Development and Social Sciences, 2(4), 259-265. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47205/jdss.2021(2-IV)22
  23. McKnight, K., O'Malley, K., Ruzic, R., Horsley, M. K., Franey, J. J., & Bassett, K. (2016). Teaching in a digital age: How educators use technology to improve student learning. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 48(3), 194-211. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2016.1175856
  24. Saleem, A., & Muhammad, D. Y. (2020). Negative emotions and self-created challenges of novice public-school teachers in managing classroom. Journal of elementary education, 29(2), 178-195.
  25. Saleem, A., Muhammad, Y., & Masood, S. (2020). Classroom management challenges and administrative support in elementary schools: Experiences of novice public-school teachers. UMT Education Review, 3(2), 29-46.
  26. Saleem, A., Muhammad, Y., & Masood, S. (2021a). Managing elementary classrooms: Experiences of novice public-schools teachers regarding behavioral challenges of students. Asian Social Studies and Applied Research, 2(3), 354-366. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32350/uer.32.02
  27. Saleem, A., Muhammad, Y., & Masood, S. (2021b). Novice teachers’ perceptions of students’ behavioral challenges instigating emotional self-regulation challenges in classroom management. International Review of Basic and Applied Sciences, 9(3), 300-314.
  28. Saleem, A., Muhammad, Y., & Qureshi, N. (2021). Strategies and challenges of novice public-school teachers related to classroom management at the elementary level in Lahore. Pakistan Social Sciences Review, 5(4), 258-271. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)20
  29. Sutcher, L., Darling-Hammond, L., & Carver-Thomas, D. (2016). A coming crisis in teaching? Teacher supply, demand, and shortages in the US. Learning Policy Institute. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54300/247.242
  30. Sutcher, L., Darling-Hammond, L., & Carver-Thomas, D. (2019). Understanding teacher shortages: An analysis of teacher supply and demand in the United States. Education policy analysis archives, 27(35). DOI: https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.27.3696
  31. Viano, S., Pham, L. D., Henry, G. T., Kho, A., & Zimmer, R. (2021). What teachers want: School factors predicting teachers’ decisions to work in low-performing schools. American Educational Research Journal, 58(1), 201-233. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831220930199
  32. Wiggan, G., Smith, D., & Watson-Vandiver, M. J. (2021). The national teacher shortage, urban education and the cognitive sociology of labor. The Urban Review, 53, 43-75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-020-00565-z