Language Assessment Practices of In-Service English Language Teachers at Pakistani Universities

##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.main##

Samar Kamal Fazli
Dr. Muhammad Umer Azim
Muhamad Imtiaz Saeed

Abstract

This research study explores the language assessment practices of teachers of English language courses taught at undergraduate level in Pakistani universities. The study aimed (1) to find which language skills and aspects are mostly assessed in practice; (2) to find the teachers’ practices in using test items to assess English language; and (3) to see the types of assessment tools frequently used for language assessment by in-service Pakistani universities’ teachers of English. Using convenient purposive sampling technique, the data was collected through a questionnaire with constructed response items from 104 in-service university teachers of English language courses. The frequencies of responses were calculated with the help of SPSS. The findings indicate that teachers assess writing skills more than other language skills through short-answer and long-answer questions. The findings also show that Pakistani teachers’ assessment practices involve utilization of limited assessment techniques and test items that are mostly traditional in nature. Use of limited alternative assessment types is also noticed with projects and oral presentations as the most frequently used forms. Assessment of listening skills seems compromised in this scenario. There is a need to expand the scope of language teachers’ assessment practices by utilizing the full range of assessment tools and techniques in assessing the language proficiency of the learners within the contemporary context of language use to make the language assessment process more reliable.

##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.details##

How to Cite
[1]
Fazli, S.K. , Azim, M.U. and Saeed, M.I. 2024. Language Assessment Practices of In-Service English Language Teachers at Pakistani Universities. Journal of Policy Research. 10, 2 (Jun. 2024), 768–775. DOI:https://doi.org/10.61506/02.00296.

References

  1. Afsahi, S.E., & Tabrizi, H.H. (2017). Iranian EFL Teacher's Assessment Literacy and Inclination towards the Use of Alternative Assessment. Journal of Applied Linguistics and Language Research, 4, 283-290.
  2. Afshar, H.S., Tofighi, S., Asoodeh, M., & Ranjbar, N. (2018). The Impact of Alternative Assessment Knowledge, Teaching Experience, Gender, and Academic Degree on EAP Teachers’ Assessment Literacy.
  3. Alderson, J. C., Clapham, C., & Wall, D. (1995). Language test construction and evaluation. Cambridge University Press.
  4. Ara, N., & Saeed, M. (2022). Effect of Primary School Teachers' Classroom Assessment Literacy on Students' Academic Performance. Pakistan Languages and Humanities Review, 6(3), 662-672. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47205/plhr.2022(6-III)58
  5. Ashraf, A., & Zaki, S. (2020). Language Assessment in Higher Education: Challenges and Consequences. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30971/pje.v36i3.437
  6. Bachman, L. F. (1990). Fundamental considerations in language testing. Oxford University Press.
  7. Berry, V., Sheehan, S., & Munro, S. (2019). What does language assessment literacy mean to teachers?. ELT journal, 73(2), 113-123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccy055
  8. Brookhart, S. M. (2011). Educational assessment knowledge and skills for teachers. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 30 (1), 3–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3992.2010.00195.x
  9. Brown, J. D., & Hudson, T. (1998). The alternatives in language assessment. TESOL quarterly, 32(4), 653-675. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3587999
  10. Brown, H. D. (2004). Language assessment: Principles and classroom practices. Longman.
  11. Cheng, L., Rogers, T., & Hu, H. (2004). ESL/EFL instructors’ classroom assessment practices: Purposes, methods and procedures. Language Testing, 21(3), 360–389. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1191/0265532204lt288oa
  12. Crooks, T. J. (1988). The impact of classroom evaluation on students. Review of Educational Research, 58, 438–481 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543058004438
  13. Davies, A. (2008). Textbook trends in teaching language testing. Language Testing, 25(3), 327–347. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0265532208090156
  14. DeLuca, Christopher & Klinger, Don & Searle, Michelle & Shulha, Lyn. (2010). Developing a curriculum for assessment education. Assessment Matters. 2. 20-42. 10.18296/am.0080. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18296/am.0080
  15. Dorman, J. P., & Knightley, W. M. (2006). Development and validation of an instrument to assess secondary school students’ perceptions of assessment tasks. Educational Studies, 32(1), 47-58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03055690500415951
  16. Edwards, F. (2017). A rubric to track the development of secondary pre-service and novice teachers’ summative assessment literacy. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 24(2), 205–227. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0969594X.2016.1245651
  17. Erwin, T. D. (1991). Assessing student learning and development: A guide to the principles, goals, and methods of determining college outcomes.
  18. Farhady, H., & Tavassoli, K. (2021). EFL teachers’ perceptions and practices of their language assessment knowledge. Language Testing in Asia, 11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40468-021-00135-4
  19. Fried-Booth, D. L. (2002). Project work. Oxford University Press google schola, 2, 21-46.
  20. Genesee, F., & Upshur, J. A. (1996). Classroom-based evaluation in second language education. Cambridge University Press.
  21. Harding, L., & Kremmel, B. (2016). Teacher assessment literacy and professional development. In D. Tsagari & J. Banerjee (Eds.), Handbook of second language assessment (pp. 413–427). De Gruyter Mouton. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781614513827-027
  22. Heaton, J. B. (1990). Classroom testing. Longman.
  23. Huma, A., & Akhtar, A. (2021). Assessment practices in four years teacher education programs. Pakistan Journal of Educational Research, 4(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.52337/pjer.v4i1.168
  24. Hughes, A. (2003). Testing for language teachers (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  25. Inbar-Lourie, O. (2013). Guest Editorial to the special issue on language assessment literacy. Language Testing, 30(3), 301-307. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0265532213480126
  26. Işık, A. (2021). Exploring How ELT Teachers Perceive and Practice English Language Assessment. NRU HSE: Journal of Language & Education (Topic). DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3862307
  27. Kachru, B. (1985). Institutionalized second-language varieties. The English language today, 211-226.
  28. King, J. (2002). Preparing EFL learners for oral presentations. Cambridge University Press.
  29. Lee, A.D. (2018). Item Types: Their Effect on the Sensitivity of Multiple-Choice Cloze Tests. English Language Teaching. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v11n11p98
  30. Leung, C. (2014). Classroom-based assessment issues for language teacher education. In A.J. Kunnan (Ed.), The companion to language assessment (pp. 1510–1519). Wiley Blackwell. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118411360.wbcla064
  31. Magno, C., & Ouano, J. (2010). Designing written assessment for student learning. Philippines: Phoenix Pub.
  32. Mahmood, S., Hussain, H. B., & Mahmood, S. (2021). Reading Assessment Awareness: A Comparative Analysis of Public and Private School ESL Teachers in Pakistan. Pakistan Languages and Humanities Review, 5(1), 12-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47205/plhr.2021(5-I)1.2
  33. McNamara, T. F. (2000). Language testing. Oxford University Press.
  34. Mendoza, A. A. L., & Arandia, R. B. (2009). Language testing in Colombia: A call for more teacher education and teacher training in language assessment. Profile Issues in Teachers Professional Development, 11(2), 55–70.
  35. Mertler, C. A. (2003). Classroom assessment: A practical guide for educators. Los Angeles, CA: Pyrczak.
  36. Mohammadkhah, E., Kiany, G.R., Tajeddin, Z., & ShayesteFar, P. (2022). EFL Teachers’ Assessment Literacy: A Contextualized Measure of Assessment Theories and Skills. Language Teaching Research Quarterly. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32038/ltrq.2022.29.07
  37. Narayan, Ravnil. “A Critical Review of Portfolio Assessment as an Alternative Tool in English Language Teaching Classrooms.” English Language and Literature Studies (2022): n. pag. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ells.v13n1p1
  38. O’Malley, J. M., & Valdez Pierce, L. (1996). Authentic assessment for English language learners: Practical approaches for teachers. Addison-Wesley.
  39. Öz, S., & Atay, D. (2017). Turkish EFL instructors’ in-class language assessment literacy: perceptions and practices. ELT Research Journal, 6(1), 25-44.
  40. Plake, B. S. (1993). Teacher assessment literacy: Teachers’ competencies in the educational assessment of students. Mid-Western Educational Researcher, 6(1), 21–27.
  41. Rehmani, A. (2007). Teacher education in Pakistan with particular reference to teachers’ conceptions of teaching. In Ali, S. & Rizvi, M. (Eds.). Quality in education: Teaching and leadership in challenging times, proceedings Vol. 2 (pp. 435-869). Karachi: Aga Khan University Institute for Educational Development.
  42. Saeed, M., Tahir, H., & Latif, I. (2018). Teachers' Perceptions about the Use of Classroom Assessment Techniques in Elementary and Secondary Schools. Bulletin of Education and Research, 40(1), 115-130.
  43. Scarino, A. (2013). Language assessment literacy as self-awareness: Understanding the role of interpretation in assessment and in teacher learning. Language Testing, 30(3), 309e327 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0265532213480128
  44. Shahzad, K., Hussain, B., & Habib, A. (2022). Analyzing Formative Assessment Practices of English Language Teachers in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Social Research. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v4i1.345
  45. Shahzadi, A., & Ducasse, A. M. (2022). Language assessment literacy of teachers in an English medium of instruction university: Implications for ELT training in Pakistan. Studies in Language, 11(1), 93.
  46. Shohamy, E. (1995). Performance assessment in language testing. Annual review of applied linguistics, 15, 188-211. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190500002683
  47. Soodmand Afshar, H., & Farahani, M. (2018). Inhibitors to EFL teachers’ reflective teaching and EFL learners’ reflective thinking and the role of teaching experience and academic degree in reflection perception. Reflective Practice, 19(1), 46–67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14623943.2017.1351353
  48. Stiggins, R. J. (1991). Assessment literacy. Phi delta kappan, 72(7), 534-539.
  49. Stiggins, R. J., & Conklin, N. F. (1992). In teachers’ hands: Investigating the practices of classroom assessment. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
  50. Taylor, C. S. (2013). Validity and validation. Oxford University Press, USA. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199791040.001.0001
  51. Taylor, L. (2013). Communicating the theory, practice and principles of language testing to test stakeholders: Some reflections. Language Testing, 30(3), 403–412. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0265532213480338
  52. Thornbury, S. (2006). How to teach vocabulary. Pearson Education India.
  53. Tian, W., Lê, H. D., & Nguyễn, N. T. (2023). Vietnamese university EFL teachers’ practices and literacy in classroom assessment: A sociocultural perspective. System, 116, 103066. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2023.103066
  54. Vogt, K., Tsagari, D., & Spanoudis, G. (2020). What do teachers think they want? A comparative study of in-service language teachers’ beliefs on LAL training needs. Language Assessment Quarterly, 17(4), 386–409. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15434303.2020.1781128
  55. Weir, C. J., & Weir, C. J. (1993). Understanding and developing language tests. Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Hall.
  56. White, E. (2009). Are you assessment literate? Some fundamental questions regarding effective classroom-based assessment. OnCUE Journal, 3(1), 3–25.
  57. Xu, Y., & Brown, G. T. (2016). Teacher assessment literacy in practice: A reconceptualization. Teaching and teacher education, 58, 149-162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2016.05.010