Understanding the Factors Affecting Women Entrepreneurial Ventures Success: A Study of Female Incubates Working in the IT Industry of Pakistan
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.main##
Abstract
The participation of women in entrepreneurial activities, especially within the IT sector, is increasingly important for Pakistan’s socioeconomic scene. This research study has explored and therefore examined factors affecting success among female entrepreneurs in the IT industry with a specific focus on female incubates who have completed training programs. An extensive literature review combined with qualitative research methodology has been used to bridge this gap by examining post-incubation challenges facing women entrepreneurs and suggested strategies for improving sustainability of their businesses. In order to get rich and nuanced data from female incubates in the IT field, the research design employs qualitative approach with the use of in-depth interviews and document analysis. The prevailing research study gives us a fresh perspective on how socio-cultural, economic, institutional and personal forces affect women’s entrepreneurship. The data was analyzed by using thematic and constant comparative methods to identify similarities between patterns so as to uncover complex dynamics inherent in women entrepreneurship operating within information technology industry in Pakistan. At every step of the research process, ethical considerations such as informed consent and confidentiality was strictly adhered to. Also, the contemporary research study makes recommendations for policy implementation, education schemes, as well as economic assistance meant for assisting women entrepreneurs in Pakistan. This research study aims to improve our understanding of factors that affect women’s entrepreneurial success and set up a way for viable businesses in Pakistan’s IT industry.
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.details##
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
- Abd Rani, S. H., & Hashim, N. (2015). Factors that influence women entrepreneurial success in Malaysia: A conceptual framework.
- Abrar ul Haq, M., Victor, S., & Akram, F. (2021). Exploring the motives and success factors behind female entrepreneurs in India. Quality & Quantity, 55, 1105-1132. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-020-01046-x
- Adikaram, A. S., & Razik, R. (2023). Femininity penalty: challenges and barriers faced by STEM woman entrepreneurs in an emerging economy. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 15(5), 1113-1138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-07-2021-0278
- Afshan, G., Shahid, S., & Tunio, M. N. (2021). Learning experiences of women entrepreneurs amidst COVID-19. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 13(2), 162-186. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-09-2020-0153
- Afza, T., & Amir Rashid, M. (2009). Marginalized women social well‐being through enterprise development: A glimpse of remote women status in Pakistan. Journal of Chinese entrepreneurship, 1(3), 248-267. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/17561390910999533
- Agarwal, S., Lenka, U., Singh, K., Agrawal, V., & Agrawal, A. M. (2020). A qualitative approach towards crucial factors for sustainable development of women social entrepreneurship: Indian cases. Journal of Cleaner Production, 274, 123135. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123135
- Alfaro, L., Calani, M., & Varela, L. (2021). Currency hedging: Managing cash flow exposure. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3866343
- Ali, A., Pervez, S., & Khanum, S. (2023). Female Work Force Contribution in Pakistan: Overcoming The Barriers to Digital Entrepreneurial Activities of Women Social Media Influencers in Pakistan. International Journal of Contemporary Issues in Social Sciences, 2(3), 169-182.
- Allison, L., Liu, Y., Murtinu, S., & Wei, Z. (2023). Gender and firm performance around the world: The roles of finance, technology and labor. Journal of Business Research, 154, 113322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113322
- American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association.
- Andriamahery, A., & Qamruzzaman, M. (2022). Do access to finance, technical know-how, and financial literacy offer women empowerment through women’s entrepreneurial development? Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 776844. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.776844
- Arasti, Z., Zandi, F., & Talebi, K. (2012). Exploring the effect of individual factors on business failure in Iranian new established small businesses. International Business Research, 5(4), 2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v5n4p2
- Asgary, A., Anjum, M. I., & Azimi, N. (2012). Disaster recovery and business continuity after the 2010 flood in Pakistan: Case of small businesses. International journal of disaster risk reduction, 2, 46-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2012.08.001
- Aslam, S., Latif, M., & Aslam, M. (2013). Problems faced by women entrepreneurs and their impact on working efficiency of women in Pakistan. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 18(8), 1204-1215.
- Austin, Z., & Sutton, J. (2015). Qualitative Research: Data Collection, Analysis, and Management. Can J Hosp Pharm, 226-231.
- Azmi, I. A. G. (2017). Muslim women entrepreneurs’ motivation in SMEs: A quantitative study in Asia Pacific countries. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 7(1), 27-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.aefr/2017.7.1/102.1.27.42
- Bai, J., Bernstein, S., Dev, A., & Lerner, J. (2021). Public entrepreneurial finance around the globe. National Bureau of Economic Research. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3838511
- Balogun, A. G., Balogun, S. K., & Onyencho, C. V. (2017). Test anxiety and academic performance among undergraduates: the moderating role of achievement motivation. The Spanish journal of psychology, 20, E14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2017.5
- Baskaran, A., Chandran, V. G. R., & Ng, B. K. (2019). Inclusive entrepreneurship, innovation and sustainable growth: Role of business incubators, academia and social enterprises in Asia. Science, Technology and Society, 24(3), 385-400. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0971721819873178
- Baxter, P., & Jack, S. (2008). Qualitative case study methodology: Study design and implementation for novice researchers. The qualitative report, 13(4), 544-559.
- Beauchamp, T. L., & Childress, J. F. (2009). Principles of Biomedical Ethics.
- Beck, T., & Demirguc-Kunt, A. (2006). Small and medium-size enterprises: Access to finance as a growth constraint. Journal of Banking & finance, 30(11), 2931-2943. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2006.05.009
- Bernstein, S. (2015). Does going public affect innovation? The Journal of finance, 70(4), 1365-1403. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jofi.12275
- Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative research journal, 9(2), 27-40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
- Browne, T. P. (2018). Strategies of minority female technology entrepreneurs to obtain venture capital funding (Doctoral dissertation, Walden University).
- Bryman, A. (2016). Social research methods. Oxford university press.
- Busch, C., & Barkema, H. (2022). Planned luck: How incubators can facilitate serendipity for nascent entrepreneurs through fostering network embeddedness. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 46(4), 884-919. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258720915798
- Cabrera, E. M., & Mauricio, D. (2017). Factors affecting the success of women’s entrepreneurship: a review of literature. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 9(1), 31-65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-01-2016-0001
- Carvalho, J. H. L. (2020). Strategic and Financial Planning of Ax Aviation (Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa (Portugal)).
- Chaudhary, R., & Srivastava, M. P. P. (2021). Effect of Personal Factors in Enhancing Entrepreneurial Confidence and Success In The Young Women: A Quantitative Investigation. Nveo-Natural Volatiles & Essential Oils Journal.
- Chen, C., Huang, Y., & Wu, S. (2023). How do institutional environment and entrepreneurial cognition drive female and male entrepreneurship from a configuration perspective? Gender in Management: An International Journal, 38(5), 653-668. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-04-2022-0124
- Colbert, A. E., Barrick, M. R., & Bradley, B. H. (2014). Personality and leadership composition in top management teams: Implications for organizational effectiveness. Personnel psychology, 67(2), 351-387. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12036
- Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.
- Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage publications.
- Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
- Danso, A., Adomako, S., Damoah, J. O., & Uddin, M. (2016). Risk-taking propensity, managerial network ties and firm performance in an emerging economy. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 25(2), 155-183. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0971355716650367
- Davis, S., Lukomnik, J., & Pitt-Watson, D. (2016). What they do with your money: How the financial system fails us and how to fix it. Yale University Press.
- Deliana, M. (2023). Self-Efficacy as A Factor of Entrepreneurial Intention. Journal of Education, Humaniora and Social Sciences (JEHSS), 5(4), 2573-2580. DOI: https://doi.org/10.34007/jehss.v5i4.1758
- Denzin, N. K. (2017). The research act: A theoretical introduction to sociological methods. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315134543
- Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2018). The SAGE handbook of qualitative research.
- DeTienne, D. R., & Chandler, G. N. (2004). Opportunity identification and its role in the entrepreneurial classroom: A pedagogical approach and empirical test. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 3(3), 242-257. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2004.14242103
- Dewi, E. R., Bundu, P., & Tahmir, S. (2016). The Influence of the Antecedent Variable on the Teachers' Performance through Achievement Motivation in Senior High School. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 11(9), 3161-3166.
- Farooq, S. H., Din, A. U., Soomro, I. A., & Riviezzo, A. (2024). Unveiling the path to sustainable poverty alleviation in Pakistan: Investigating the role of microfinance interventions in empowering women entrepreneurs. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 40(2), 101331. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scaman.2024.101331
- Fatima, T., Safdar, S., & Jahanzeb, S. (2017). Participative leadership and employee creativity: Moderating role of need for achievement. NUML International Journal of Business & Management, 12(1), 1-14.
- Fauzi, T. H., Harits, B., R Deni Muhammad Danial, D. M. D., & Kokom Komariah, K. K. (2022). Adaptive strategies of external environmental effects in digital entrepreneurship in the strategic management perspective. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies www. richtmann. org, 9(3), 38-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2020-0040
- Franzke, S., Wu, J., Froese, F. J., & Chan, Z. X. (2022). Female entrepreneurship in Asia: a critical review and future directions. Asian Business & Management, 21(3), 343-372. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41291-022-00186-2
- Ghaderi, Z., Tavakoli, R., Bagheri, F., & Pavee, S. (2023). The role of gender equality in Iranian female tourism entrepreneurs’ success. Tourism Recreation Research, 48(6), 925-939. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2023.2168857
- Ghani, F., & Ghani, B. (2020). Role of NGOs in the social development of Pakistan: A case study of USAID. Pakistan Vision, 21(2), 181.
- Glantz, M. (2014). Navigating the Business Loan: Guidelines for Financiers, Small-Business Owners, and Entrepreneurs. Academic Press.
- Glaser, B., & Strauss, A. (2017). Discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203793206
- Graham, J. R., Harvey, C. R., & Puri, M. (2015). Capital allocation and delegation of decision-making authority within firms. Journal of financial economics, 115(3), 449-470. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2014.10.011
- Groza, M. P., Groza, M. D., & Barral, L. M. (2020). Women backing women: The role of crowdfunding in empowering female consumer-investors and entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Research, 117, 432-442. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.013
- Guest, G., Bunce, A., & Johnson, L. (2006). How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field methods, 18(1), 59-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X05279903
- Hambrick, D. C., & Mason, P. A. (1984). Upper echelons: The organization as a reflection of its top managers. Academy of management review, 9(2), 193-206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1984.4277628
- Hamid, N., & Khalid, F. (2016). Entrepreneurship and innovation in the digital economy. The Lahore Journal of Economics, 21, 273. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35536/lje.2016.v21.isp.a12
- Hancock, D. R., Algozzine, B., & Lim, J. H. (2021). Doing case study research: A practical guide for beginning researchers.
- Hasan, F. S., & Almubarak, M. M. S. (2016). Factors influencing women entrepreneurs’ performance in SMEs. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/WJEMSD-09-2015-0037
- Hasanudin, H. (2024). Strategy Analysis in Managing Company Finances Effectively and Efficiently. Jurnal Ekonomi, 13(02), 1013-1023.
- Henry, C., Foss, L., & Ahl, H. (2016). Gender and entrepreneurship research: A review of methodological approaches. International Small Business Journal, 34(3), 217-241. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242614549779
- Henry, C., Orser, B., Coleman, S., Foss, L., & Welter, F. (2017). Women’s entrepreneurship policy: a 13-nation cross-country comparison. In Entrepreneurial ecosystems and growth of women’s entrepreneurship (pp. 244-278). Edward Elgar Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785364624.00018
- Herrmann, P., & Nadkarni, S. (2014). Managing strategic change: The duality of CEO personality. Strategic management journal, 35(9), 1318-1342. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2156
- Heyden, M. L., Fourné, S. P., Koene, B. A., Werkman, R., & Ansari, S. (2017). Rethinking ‘top‐down’and ‘bottom‐up’roles of top and middle managers in organizational change: Implications for employee support. Journal of management studies, 54(7), 961-985. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12258
- Hisrich, R. D., & Ramadani, V. (2017). Effective entrepreneurial management. Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50467-4
- HolonIQ (2022). The 2022 Global State of Women’s Leadership. (n.d.).
- Howard-Payne, L. (2016). Glaser or Strauss? Considerations for selecting a grounded theory study. South African Journal of Psychology, 46(1), 50-62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0081246315593071
- Hussain, J. G., Mahmood, S., & Scott, J. M. (2015). Entrepreneurial finance, poverty reduction and gender: The case of women entrepreneurs’ microloans in Pakistan. In Research Handbook on Entrepreneurial Finance (pp. 248-264). Edward Elgar Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781783478798.00020
- Hussain, J., Mahmood, S., & Scott, J. (2019). Gender, microcredit and poverty alleviation in a developing country: The case of women entrepreneurs in Pakistan. Journal of International Development, 31(3), 247-270. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3403
- Isenberg, D. J. (2010). How to start an entrepreneurial revolution? Harvard business review, 88(6), 40-50.
- Jackson, P. R., Thorpe, R., & Easterby-Smith, M. (2015). Management and business research. Management and Business Research, 1-400.
- Jain, N., & Kohli, P. (2024). Beyond Borders. DeepMisti Publication.
- Jayeoba, F. I., Sholesi, O. Y., & Lawal, O. A. (2013). Achievement motivation, gender and entrepreneurial ability. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 3(1), 248-256.
- Kalafatoglu, T. (2018). The Role of Networks in the Emergence of New Business Opportunities and New Ventures in Different Geographic Contexts.
- Kang, S. K., DeCelles, K. A., Tilcsik, A., & Jun, S. (2016). Whitened résumés: Race and self-presentation in the labor market. Administrative science quarterly, 61(3), 469-502. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0001839216639577
- Kanze, D., Huang, L., Conley, M. A., & Higgins, E. T. (2018). We ask men to win and women not to lose: Closing the gender gap in startup funding. Academy of Management Journal, 61(2), 586-614. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2016.1215
- Kaplan, R. S., & Norton, D. P. (2002). The strategy-focused organization: How balanced scorecard companies thrive in the new business environment (Vol. 2). Boston, MA: Harvard Business school press.
- Kelley, D. J., Bosma, N., & Amorós, J. E. (2010). GEM-global entrepreneurship monitor-2010 global report. Babson, Universidad del Desarrollo.
- Kering, N. (2019). Sustainable Solutions to Women’s Economic Empowerment: Applying Agribusiness Incubation.
- Khalid, R., Raza, M., Sawangchai, A., Allauca-Castillo, W. J., & Huerta-Soto, R. M. (2021). Women entrepreneurial innovative behavior: The role of lean start-up and business coaching. Studies of Applied Economics, 39(8). DOI: https://doi.org/10.25115/eea.v39i8.5132
- Khan, I. (2014). Female entrepreneurship and the women chamber of commerce and industry: economic emancipation and clout for Pakistani women. JWEE, (1-2), 60-91.
- Khan, M. A., Kanwal, N., Nabi, P. G., & Shah, A. A. (2016). Empowering women entrepreneurs through microcredit: Assessing the role of Sarhad Rural Support Program in Pakistan. Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation, 12(1), 91-112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7341/20161215
- Khan, M. S. (2020). Women's entrepreneurship and social capital: Exploring the link between the domestic sphere and the marketplace in Pakistan. Strategic Change, 29(3), 375-387. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jsc.2336
- Khan, R. U., & Ghufran, H. (2018). The mediating role of perceived organizational support between qualitative job insecurity, organizational citizenship behavior and job performance. Journal of Entrepreneurship & Organization Management, 7(228), 2.
- Khan, R. U., Salamzadeh, Y., Shah, S. Z. A., & Hussain, M. (2021). Factors affecting women entrepreneurs’ success: a study of small-and medium-sized enterprises in emerging market of Pakistan. Journal of innovation and entrepreneurship, 10(1), 1-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-021-00145-9
- Kim, M., Abdullah, S. C., Thuy, N. T. B., & Boey, I. (2020). Female entrepreneurship in the ICT sector: Success factors and challenges. Asian Women, 36(2), 43-72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14431/aw.2020.6.36.2.43
- Kiva (2021). Empowering women: Our insights on effective gender lens investing. Kiva. Retrieved May 07, 2024, from https://www.kiva.org/blog/empowering-women-effective-gender-lens-investing
- Kuckertz, A., Berger, E. S., & Allmendinger, M. (2015). What drives entrepreneurship? A configurational analysis of the determinants of entrepreneurship in innovation-driven economies. A configurational analysis of the determinants of entrepreneurship in innovation-driven economies, 273-288.
- Lai, J. H., Lin, W. C., & Chen, L. Y. (2017). The influence of CEO overconfidence on ownership choice in foreign market entry decisions. International Business Review, 26(4), 774-785. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2017.01.006
- Lange, F., Tomini, N., Brinkmann, F., Kanbach, D. K., & Kraus, S. (2023). Demystifying massive and rapid business scaling–An explorative study on driving factors in digital start-ups. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 196, 122841. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122841
- Leger, M., Arsenijevic, J., & Bosma, N. (2024). The role and effectiveness of non-formal training programmes for entrepreneurship in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic literature review. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 1-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2024.2348046
- Lomineishvili, K. (2021). How entrepreneurial management and continuous learning affect the innovation and competitiveness of companies. Economic Alternatives, 27(3), 459-468. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37075/EA.2021.3.08
- Manzoor, S., Manzoor, A., & Idrees, N. (2022). Women entrepreneurship: a pathway to women empowerment and economic independence. Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ), 6(2), 144-160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/6.2.8
- Martínez-Rodríguez, I., Quintana-Rojo, C., Gento, P., & Callejas-Albinana, F. E. (2022). Public policy recommendations for promoting female entrepreneurship in Europe. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 18(3), 1235-1262. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-021-00751-9
- Mashapure, R., Nyagadza, B., Chikazhe, L., Msipa, N., Ngorora, G. K. P., & Gwiza, A. (2022). Challenges hindering women entrepreneurship sustainability in rural livelihoods: Case of Manicaland province. Cogent Social Sciences, 8(1), 2132675. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2132675
- McClelland, D. C. (1988). Human Motivation Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139878289
- McClelland, D. C., Atkinson, J. W., Clark, R. A., & Lowell, E. L. (1976). The achievement motive. Irvington.
- McLeod. (2019). Research Methods. Retrieved from Simply Psychology.
- Mehtap, S., Pellegrini, M. M., Caputo, A., & Welsh, D. H. (2017). Entrepreneurial intentions of young women in the Arab world: Socio-cultural and educational barriers. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-07-2017-0214
- Merrıam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research a guide to design and ımplementation.
- Modaffari, G., & Sevilla Guzman, A. P. (2024). Growth Strategies for Female Startups: A Review of the Literature. Gender Issues in the Sustainable Development Era: Emerging Evidence and Future Agenda, 237-252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57193-0_13
- Modarresi, M., Arasti, Z., Talebi, K., & Farasatkhah, M. (2016). Women’s entrepreneurship in Iran: how are women owning and managing home-based businesses motivated to grow? International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-03-2016-0006
- Moss-Racusin, C. A., Dovidio, J. F., Brescoll, V. L., Graham, M. J., & Handelsman, J. (2012). Science faculty’s subtle gender biases favor male students. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 109(41), 16474-16479. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1211286109
- Mubsira, J. B., Thilageswary, A., & Singh, J. S. K. (2022). Women Entrepreneurs in Pakistan Face Obstacles to Their Intent to Start a Business. International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education, 14(3).
- Muhammad, N., McElwee, G., & Dana, L. P. (2017). Barriers to the development and progress of entrepreneurship in rural Pakistan. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 23(2), 279-295. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-08-2016-0246
- Muhammad, S., Ximei, K., Saqib, S. E., & Beutell, N. J. (2021). Women’s home-based entrepreneurship and family financial position in Pakistan. Sustainability, 13(22), 12542. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212542
- Mustafa, F., Khursheed, A., Fatima, M., & Rao, M. (2021). Exploring the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on women entrepreneurs in Pakistan. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 13(2), 187-203. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-09-2020-0149
- Nasir, M., Iqbal, R., & Akhtar, C. S. (2019). Factors affecting growth of women entrepreneurs in Pakistan. Pakistan Administrative Review, 3(1), 35-50.
- Nichter, S., & Goldmark, L. (2009). Small firm growth in developing countries. World development, 37(9), 1453-1464. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.01.013
- Noor, S., Isa, F. M., & Nor, L. M. (2021). Women empowerment through women entrepreneurship: a comparison between women entrepreneurs and fulltime housewife in Pakistan. Iranian Journal of Management Studies, 14(2), 347-363.
- Oney, E., & Oksuzoglu-Guven, G. (2015). Confidence: A critical review of the literature and an alternative perspective for general and specific self-confidence. Psychological reports, 116(1), 149-163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2466/07.PR0.116k14w0
- Padma, K. R., & Don, K. R. (2021). The Expansion of Women Entrepreneurship Globally: A Mini Review. Towards Sustainable and Innovative Business Models, 85-99.
- Pathak, V., Jena, B., & Kalra, S. (2013). Qualitative research. Perspectives in Clinical Research, 192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-3485.115389
- Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice. Sage publications.
- Plotnikov, A., Salamzadeh, Y., Demiryurek, K., Kawamorita, H., & Urasova, A. (2019). Features of entrepreneurial activities indice in the world: Trends and prospects. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 23(1), 1-15.
- Poggesi, S., Mari, M., & De Vita, L. (2016). What’s new in female entrepreneurship research? Answers from the literature. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 12, 735-764. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-015-0364-5
- Ramírez, Y., Dieguez-Soto, J., & Manzaneque, M. (2021). How does intellectual capital efficiency affect firm performance? The moderating role of family management. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 70(2), 297-324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-03-2019-0119
- Rauch, A., & Frese, M. (2007). Let's put the person back into entrepreneurship research: A meta-analysis on the relationship between business owners' personality traits, business creation, and success. European Journal of work and organizational psychology, 16(4), 353-385. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320701595438
- Rehman, S., & Azam Roomi, M. (2012). Gender and work‐life balance: a phenomenological study of women entrepreneurs in Pakistan. Journal of small business and enterprise development, 19(2), 209-228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/14626001211223865
- Rey-Martí, A., Porcar, A. T., & Mas-Tur, A. (2015). Linking female entrepreneurs' motivation to business survival. Journal of business research, 68(4), 810-814. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.11.033
- Riasudeen, S., Ratnoo, H. S., Kannadhasan, M., & Singh, P. (2022). Risk Perception as a Mediator in Explaining the Relationship of Cognitive Biases and New Venture Creation. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 31(2), 274-297. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/09713557221096874
- Rieger, K. (2012). Phenomenological exploration of the characteristics of successful women entrepreneurs. Northcentral University.
- Robb, A. M., & Coleman, S. (2010). Financing strategies of new technology-based firms: A comparison of women-and men-owned firms. Journal of technology management & innovation, 5(1), 30-50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27242010000100003
- Roomi, M. A. (2013). Entrepreneurial capital, social values and Islamic traditions: Exploring the growth of women-owned enterprises in Pakistan. International Small Business Journal, 31(2), 175-191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242610397403
- Roomi, M. A., Rehman, S., & Henry, C. (2018). Exploring the normative context for women’s entrepreneurship in Pakistan: a critical analysis. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 10(2), 158-180. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-03-2018-0019
- Rubin, H. J., & Rubin, I. S. (2011). Qualitative interviewing: The art of hearing data. sage.
- Russell, C. L. (2016). Service-Disabled Veteran Small Business Owners’ Success Strategies (Doctoral dissertation, Walden University).
- Safdar, D., & Qamar, U. (2023). Business Incubators: Exploring the Graduated Incubates Entrepreneurs’ Experiences in the Context of Pakistan. Academic Journal of Social Sciences (AJSS), 7(2), 001-024.
- Safdar, D., & Qamar, U. (2023). Business Incubators: Exploring the Graduated Incubates Entrepreneurs’ Experiences in the Context of Pakistan. Academic Journal of Social Sciences (AJSS), 7(2), 001-024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54692/ajss.2023.07021956
- Saleem, M. A. (2012). The impact of socio-economic factors on small business success. Geografia, 8(1).
- Sekar, D., & Bhuvaneswari, M. (2024). Exploring the Depths: Qualitative Research in Psychology. In Methodologies and Ethics for Social Sciences Research (pp. 267-292). IGI Global. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-1726-6.ch014
- Seville, E., Van Opstal, D., & Vargo, J. (2015). A primer in resiliency: Seven principles for managing the unexpected. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 34(3), 6-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/joe.21600
- Shahzad, F., Xiu, G., & Shahbaz, M. (2017). Organizational culture and innovation performance in Pakistan's software industry. Technology in society, 51, 66-73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2017.08.002
- Shakeel, M., Yaokuang, L., & Gohar, A. (2020). Identifying the entrepreneurial success factors and the performance of women-owned businesses in Pakistan: The moderating role of national culture. Sage Open, 10(2), 2158244020919520. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020919520
- Shair, W., Waheed, A., Kamran, M. M., & Kubra, N. (2022a). Digital divide in Pakistan: Barriers to ICT usage among the individuals of Pakistan. Journal of Economic Impact, 4(3), 196-204.
- Shair, W., Zahra, T., Tayyab, M., & Kubra, N. (2022b). The impact of the digital divide on wage gaps among individuals in Pakistan. Journal of Policy Research (JPR), 8(4), 97-107. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52223/jei4032206
- Shair, W., Tayyab, M., Nawaz, S., & Amjad, K. (2023). Digital divide in Pakistan: Barriers to ICT adoption. Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), 12(2), 243-252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00075
- Shair, W., Anwar, M., Hussain, S., & Kubra, N. (2024). The Differential Effect of Internal and External Remittances on Labor Participation and Employment Choices in Pakistan. SAGE Open, 14(3), 21582440241265879. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241265879
- Shukla, T., & Chauhan, G. S. (2018). Traversing the women entrepreneurship in South Asia: A journey of Indian startups through Lucite ceiling phenomenon. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 12(1), 50-66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-04-2017-0028
- SMEDA. (2012). Women Business Development Centre (WBDC) - Mingora, Swat. Available at: https://smeda.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=175&Itemid=410
- Smith, W. K., Lewis, M. W., & Tushman, M. L. (2011). Organizational sustainability: Organization design and senior leadership to enable strategic paradox. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199734610.013.0061
- Stroila, I., Rossano-Rivero, S., Stoker, S., & Wakkee, I. (2022). Understanding Current Research on Inclusive Entrepreneurial Ecosystems: Literature Review Report.
- Sutrisno, S. (2023). The Role of Partnerships and Business Networks in the Growth of MSMEs in the Digital Age. Technology and Society Perspectives (TACIT), 1(3), 122-131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61100/tacit.v1i3.61
- Swail, J. (2022). 16 Conceptualizing gender in entrepreneurial finance: past trends, current developments and future opportunities. De Gruyter Handbook of Entrepreneurial Finance, 317. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110726312-021
- Torres-Ortega, C. E., Errico, M., & Rong, B. G. (2015). Design and optimization of modified non-sharp column configurations for quaternary distillations. Computers & Chemical Engineering, 74, 15-27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2014.12.006
- Tuncdogan, A., Acar, O. A., & Stam, D. (2017). Individual differences as antecedents of leader behavior: Towards an understanding of multi-level outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 28(1), 40-64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.10.011
- Tur-Porcar, A., Mas-Tur, A., & Belso, J. A. (2017). Barriers to women entrepreneurship. Different methods, different results? Quality & Quantity, 51, 2019-2034. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-016-0343-0
- Twibell, R. S., Siela, D., Riwitis, C., Wheatley, J., Riegle, T., Bousman, D., ... & Neal, A. (2008). Nurses’ perceptions of their self-confidence and the benefits and risks of family presence during resuscitation. American Journal of Critical Care, 17(2), 101-111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2008.17.2.101
- UNDP. (2021). Womenomics: Women powering the economy of Pakistan. Available at: https://www.undp.org/pakistan/publications/womenomics-women-powering-economy-pakistan
- Ustyuzhina, O., Mikhaylova, A., & Abdimomynova, A. (2019). Entrepreneurial competencies in higher education. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 22(1), 1-14.
- Wiklund, J., & Shepherd, D. (2005). Entrepreneurial orientation and small business performance: a configurational approach. Journal of business venturing, 20(1), 71-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2004.01.001
- World Medical Association. (2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. Jama, 310(20), 2191-2194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.281053
- Wube, M. C. (2010). Factors affecting the performance of women entrepreneurs in micro and small enterprises. Retrieved May, 18(2013).
- Yaqoob, S. (2020). The Emerging trend women entrepreneurship in Pakistan. Journal of Arts & Social Sciences, 7(2), 217-230. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46662/jass-vol7-iss2-2020(217-230)
- Yeoh, S. B., & Hooy, C. W. (2020). CEO age and risk-taking of family business in Malaysia: The inverse S-curve relationship. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 1-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-020-09725-x
- Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications (Vol. 6). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Yunis, M. S., Hashim, H., & Anderson, A. R. (2018). Enablers and constraints of female entrepreneurship in Khyber Pukhtunkhawa, Pakistan: Institutional and feminist perspectives. Sustainability, 11(1), 27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11010027
- Zafar, A., & Mustafa, S. (2017). SMEs and its role in economic and socio-economic development of Pakistan. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 6(4). DOI: https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARAFMS/v7-i4/3484
- Zahra, S. A. (2021). The resource-based view, resourcefulness, and resource management in startup firms: A proposed research agenda. Journal of Management, 47(7), 1841-1860. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/01492063211018505
- Zaidi, R. A., Khan, M. M., Khan, R. A., & Mujtaba, B. G. (2023). Do entrepreneurship ecosystem and managerial skills contribute to startup development? South Asian Journal of Business Studies, 12(1), 25-53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/SAJBS-07-2020-0233
- Zeb, A., & Ihsan, A. (2020, March). Innovation and the entrepreneurial performance in women-owned small and medium-sized enterprises in Pakistan. In Women's Studies International Forum (Vol. 79, p. 102342). Pergamon. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2020.102342
- Zhang, P., & Cain, K. W. (2017). Reassessing the link between risk aversion and entrepreneurial intention: The mediating role of the determinants of planned behavior. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-08-2016-0248
- Zhao, H., O'Connor, G., Wu, J., & Lumpkin, G. T. (2021). Age and entrepreneurial career success: A review and a meta-analysis. Journal of Business Venturing, 36(1), 106007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2020.106007